Hypertension incidence and association with risk factors in male and female participants
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HT (n) | Inci%* (95% CI) | ARR† (95% CI) | HT (n) | Inci%* (95% CI) | ARR† (95% CI) | |
| Participants | 1306 | 5.2 (4.9 to 5.4) | 690 | 2.1 (2.0 to 2.3) | ||
| Demography | ||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| ≤30 | 279 | 2.5 (2.2 to 2.8) | 1 | 215 | 1.1 (0.97 to 1.3) | 1 |
| 31–40 | 484 | 5.3 (4.8 to 5.7) | 1.66 (1.39 to 1.98) | 245 | 2.5 (2.23 to 2.9) | 1.93 (1.56 to 2.39) |
| >40 | 543 | 11.2 (10.3 to 12.1) | 3.13 (2.57 to 3.81) | 230 | 6.8 (6.0 to 7.7) | 4.2 (3.26 to 5.42) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| Marital status (married/partnered) | ||||||
| No | 368 | 3.3 (3.0 to 3.7) | 1 | 303 | 1.6 (1.43 to 1.8) | 1 |
| Yes | 896 | 6.6 (6.17 to 7.0) | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.12) | 368 | 2.9 (2.65 to 3.2) | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.45) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Education level | ||||||
| High school | 697 | 5.2 (4.8 to 5.6) | 1 | 303 | 2.3 (2.05 to 2.57) | 1 |
| Diploma | 276 | 4.8 (4.25 to 5.4) | 1.0 (0.86 to 1.17) | 180 | 1.8 (1.57 to 2.1) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99) |
| University | 331 | 5.4 (4.8 to 5.9) | 0.93 (0.8 to 1.1) | 204 | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.51) | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) |
| P-trend | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.463 | 0.1 | ||
| Personal monthly income (baht)‡ | ||||||
| ≤7000 | 268 | 3.3 (2.95 to 3.7) | 1 | 217 | 1.6 (1.36 to 1.8) | 1 |
| 7001–10 000 | 229 | 4.0 (3.45 to 4.5) | 1.0 (0.81 to 1.2) | 142 | 1.9 (1.57 to 2.2) | 1.1 (0.87 to 1.37) |
| 10 001–20 000 | 497 | 6.6 (6.0 to 7.14) | 1.1 (0.91 to 1.31) | 196 | 2.7 (2.35 to 3.1) | 0.97 (0.77 to 1.23) |
| >20 000 | 289 | 8.4 (7.46 to 9.3) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.25) | 122 | 4.3 (3.54 to 5.0) | 1.04 (0.78 to 1.39) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | 0.527 | <0.0001 | 0.783 | ||
| BMI classification§ | ||||||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 359 | 2.9 (2.62 to 3.2) | 0.46 (0.27 to 0.78) | 60 | 0.85 (0.63 to 1.15) | 0.9 (0.67 to 1.21) |
| Normal (18.5≤BMI<23) | 16 | 1.1 (0.56 to 1.6) | 1 | 258 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1 |
| Overweight (23≤BMI<25) | 333 | 5.9 (5.3 to 6.54) | 1.66 (1.41 to 1.95) | 129 | 3.9 (3.3 to 4.62) | 2.32 (1.8 to 2.91) |
| Obese (BMI ≥25) | 575 | 10.4 (9.6 to 11.2) | 2.82 (2.43 to 3.27) | 231 | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.27) | 4.14 (3.4 to 5.05) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| Physical activities | ||||||
| Weighted total sessions exercise-related physical activity (average between 2005 and 2009) | ||||||
| 0–7 ses/week¶ | 198 | 6.3 (5.5 to 7.1) | 1 | 162 | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 1 |
| 8–14 ses/week | 589 | 5.2 (4.8 to 5.6) | 0.9 (0.76 to 1.07) | 352 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.3) | 1.0 (0.82 to 1.23) |
| ≥15 ses/week | 380 | 4.4 (4.0 to 5.0) | 0.78 (0.65 to 0.95) | 119 | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.77 to 1.3) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.029 | 0.905 | 1.0 | ||
| Underlying diseases | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No | 1251 | 5.0 (4.7 to 5.27) | 1 | 674 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.26) | 1 |
| Yes | 55 | 18.3 (13.9 to 22.7) | 1.81 (1.29 to 2.52) | 16 | 10.7 (5.7 to 15.8) | 2.54 (1.41 to 4.56) |
| High lipids | ||||||
| No | 983 | 4.4 (4.13 to 4.67) | 1 | 576 | 1.9 (1.76 to 2.1) | 1 |
| Yes | 323 | 10.8 (9.7 to 11.9) | 1.4 (1.21 to 1.63) | 114 | 5.4 (4.47 to 6.4) | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.75) |
| Kidney diseases | ||||||
| No | 1248 | 5.1 (4.8 to 5.33) | 1 | 659 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.26) | 1 |
| Yes | 58 | 9.6 (7.2 to 11.9) | 1.62 (1.19 to 2.2) | 31 | 3.9 (2.52 to 5.2) | 1.77 (1.19 to 2.63) |
| Personal behaviours | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoker | 506 | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.4) | 1 | 617 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.23) | 1 |
| Ex-smoker | 496 | 6.6 (6.0 to 7.13) | 1.15 (1.0 to 1.32) | 37 | 3.2 (2.2 to 4.22) | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.87) |
| Current smoker** | 276 | 5.8 (5.16 to 6.5) | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.44) | 8 | 3.1 (0.97 to 5.2) | 1.54 (0.74 to 3.2) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.032 | <0.008 | 0.23 | ||
| Drinking status | ||||||
| Never drinker | 105 | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.7) | 1 | 268 | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.32) | 1 |
| Ex-drinker | 155 | 5.7 (4.85 to 6.6) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.3) | 50 | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.85) | 1.14 (0.82 to 1.59) |
| Occasional drinker†† | 821 | 4.8 (4.45 to 5.1) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.25) | 352 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.36) | 1.14 (0.96 to 1.36) |
| Regular drinker‡‡ | 212 | 8.6 (7.5 to 9.7) | 1.61 (1.23 to 2.11) | 9 | 4.7 (1.66 to 7.7) | 1.83 (0.86 to 3.9) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.471 | 0.254 | ||
| Food consumption habit | ||||||
| Instant food | ||||||
| <1 time/month | 335 | 6.3 (5.6 to 6.95) | 1 | 168 | 2.8 (2.36 to 3.2) | 1 |
| 1–3 times/month | 485 | 5.1 (4.63 to 5.5) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.19) | 273 | 2.1 (1.84 to 2.3) | 0.95 (0.77 to 1.17) |
| 1–2 times/week | 280 | 4.4 (3.9 to 4.9) | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.30) | 153 | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.2) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) |
| 3–6 times/week | 165 | 5.0 (4.3 to 5.75) | 1.36 (1.1 to 1.69) | 73 | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.22) | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) |
| ≥1 times/day | 32 | 5.5 (3.6 to 7.33) | 1.67 (1.11 to 2.52) | 18 | 2.3 (1.3 to 3.35) | 1.48 (0.86 to 2.53) |
| P-trend | <0.002 | <0.008 | <0.002 | 0.403 | ||
*Incidence of hypertension.
†ARRs were calculated from multivariate logistic regression models of hypertension adjusted for age, marital status, education, income, BMI category, underlying diseases, personal behaviours.
‡At the time of the survey in 2005, US$1=42 Thai baht.
§Asian standard BMI classification.
¶Sessions/week.
**Current smoker.
††Occasional drinker.
‡‡Regular drinker.
ARR, adjusted relative risk; BMI, body mass index.