Gender-stratified crude and age-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus by individual variables and neighbourhood unemployment rate with data from five population-based studies (CARLA, DHS, KORA, HNR, SHIP, Germany, 1997–2006)*
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude prevalence | Age-adjusted prevalence | Crude prevalence | Age-adjusted prevalence | |||||||||
| N | T2DM cases | Per cent | 95% CI | Per cent | 95% CI | N | T2DM cases | Per cent | 95% CI | Per cent | 95% CI | |
| Social class | ||||||||||||
| Lower | 346 | 57 | 16.5 | 12.7 to 20.8 | 14.2 | 11.8 to 16.8 | 851 | 104 | 12.2 | 10.1 to 14.6 | 9.7 | 8.3 to 11.5 |
| Middle | 2499 | 267 | 10.7 | 9.5 to 12.0 | 9.7 | 8.7 to 10.8 | 2475 | 194 | 7.8 | 6.8 to 9.0 | 6.6 | 5.8 to 7.5 |
| Higher | 1693 | 129 | 7.6 | 6.4 to 9.0 | 6.9 | 5.9 to 8.1 | 1007 | 26 | 2.6 | 1.7 to 3.8 | 4.7 | 3.8 to 5.6 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Employed | 1931 | 126 | 6.5 | 5.5 to 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.2 to 8.7 | 1420 | 39 | 2.8 | 2.0 to 3.7 | 5.5 | 4.6 to 6.7 |
| Retired | 2197 | 290 | 13.2 | 11.8 to 14.7 | 10.2 | 8.8 to 11.7 | 1783 | 213 | 11.9 | 10.5 to 13.5 | 7.8 | 6.6 to 9.1 |
| Unemployed | 378 | 32 | 8.5 | 5.9 to 11.7 | 10.3 | 8.0 to 13.2 | 399 | 26 | 6.5 | 4.3 to 9.4 | 7.8 | 6.0 to 10.2 |
| Others | 32 | 5 | 15.6 | 5.3 to 32.8 | 8.7 | 6.4 to 11.6 | 731 | 46 | 6.3 | 4.6 to 8.3 | 6.6 | 5.0 to 8.6 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Living with a partner | 4016 | 387 | 9.6 | 8.7 to 10.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 to 9.5 | 3141 | 199 | 6.3 | 5.5 to 7.2 | 6.2 | 5.4 to 7.0 |
| Living without a partner | 522 | 66 | 12.6 | 9.9 to 15.8 | 11.5 | 9.7 to 13.6 | 1192 | 125 | 10.5 | 8.8 to 12.4 | 8.3 | 7.1 to 9.7 |
| Physical exercise | ||||||||||||
| Physical exercise | 2474 | 194 | 7.8 | 6.8 to 9.0 | 7.5 | 6.6 to 8.4 | 2266 | 136 | 6.0 | 5.1 to 7.1 | 5.5 | 4.8 to 6.3 |
| No physical exercise | 2013 | 258 | 12.8 | 11.4 to 14.4 | 10.9 | 9.8 to 12.2 | 1990 | 178 | 8.9 | 7.7 to 10.3 | 8.1 | 7.2 to 9.2 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never smoked | 1370 | 113 | 8.2 | 6.8 to 9.8 | 8.4 | 7.2 to 9.7 | 2502 | 208 | 8.3 | 7.3 to 9.5 | 6.5 | 5.7 to 7.4 |
| Ex-smoker | 2067 | 241 | 11.7 | 10.3 to 13.1 | 9.5 | 8.5 to 10.8 | 936 | 72 | 7.7 | 6.1 to 9.6 | 7.5 | 6.3 to 8.8 |
| Current smoker | 1050 | 98 | 9.3 | 7.6 to 11.3 | 8.7 | 7.3 to 10.3 | 815 | 34 | 4.2 | 2.9 to 5.8 | 6.8 | 5.6 to 8.2 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||
| <30 | 3220 | 260 | 8.1 | 7.2 to 9.1 | 6.6 | 5.8 to 7.4 | 2996 | 123 | 4.1 | 3.4 to 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.1 to 5.4 |
| ≥30 | 1267 | 192 | 15.2 | 13.2 to 17.2 | 15.4 | 13.8 to 17.3 | 1260 | 191 | 15.2 | 13.2 to 17.3 | 11.4 | 10.0 to 12.9 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| No or moderate intake | 3974 | 414 | 10.4 | 9.5 to 11.4 | 9.2 | 8.4 to 10.2 | 4018 | 303 | 7.5 | 6.7 to 8.4 | 6.8 | 6.1 to 7.6 |
| High intake | 513 | 38 | 7.4 | 5.3 to 10.0 | 7.4 | 5.6 to 9.6 | 238 | 11 | 4.6 | 2.3 to 8.1 | 5.4 | 4.0 to 7.3 |
| Unemployment rate | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1519 | 125 | 8.2 | 6.9 to 9.7 | 7.4 | 6.4 to 8.6 | 1384 | 85 | 6.1 | 4.9 to 7.5 | 5.6 | 4.8 to 6.6 |
| Medium | 1579 | 144 | 9.1 | 7.7 to 10.6 | 8.7 | 7.6 to 9.9 | 1527 | 120 | 7.9 | 6.6 to 9.3 | 6.6 | 5.7 to 7.6 |
| High | 1440 | 184 | 12.8 | 11.1 to 14.6 | 10.9 | 9.6 to 12.3 | 1422 | 119 | 8.4 | 7.0 to 9.9 | 8.3 | 7.2 to 9.5 |
*Age-adjusted prevalence is derived from logistic regression models.
BMI, body mass index; CARLA, Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle Study; DHS, Dortmund Health Study; HNR, Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study; KORA, Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg; SHIP, S4 Study and the Study of Health in Pomerania; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.