n | Disease | Main objective | Individual benefit | Randomisation | Treatment duration | Specific risks | Alternative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 | Retinoblastoma | Conservative treatment, reduction of adverse effects | Conservative treatment, reduction of adverse effects | Standard chemotherapy vs new regimen | 4–6 months | Auditory, renal, consciousness, pains in the limbs and jaw | Standard CT, enucleation |
4 | Ewing's sarcoma | R1: reduction of toxicity | Lower renal toxicities | Standard CT vs new regimen | Not specified | Renal, decrease in sperm count/fertility++ | Standard CT |
R2: evaluation of the efficacy | |||||||
7 | High-risk neuroblastoma | Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of two high-dose chemotherapy regimens | Same efficacy, but fewer adverse effects | High-dose CT vs another high-dose CT | Not specified | Hepatic, thyroid, renal, auditory, endocrine, fertility | Standard CT |
2 | Low-grade glioma | Evaluation of the efficacy of a new chemotherapy combination | Best possible CT | Standard CT vs the new CT combination | 81 weeks | Secondary induction of leukemia, haematological and infectious toxicity | Standard CT |
4 | Standard-risk medulloblastoma | Evaluation of the efficacy of hyperfractionated RT and reduction of toxicity | Best possible RT, lower long term toxicity | Classical RT dose vs hyperfractionation | 16 months | Neuro-cognitive impairment and endocrine problems | Classical fractionation of RT |
5 | Localised nephroblastoma | Assessment of the equivalence of two CT regimens | Same efficacy, but fewer adverse effects | Standard CT vs new regimen | 25–30 weeks | Cardiac | Standard CT |
1 | Standard-risk hepatoblastoma | Reduction of toxicity | Same efficacy, but fewer adverse effects | Standard CT vs new regimen | 3–5 months | Cardiac | Standard CT |
n, number of children included in this study; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy.