Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity, country of birth | OR (95% CI) | ||
Australian, Australia | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Australian, not Australia | 1.83 (1.59 to 2.10)*** | 1.73 (1.50 to 1.99)*** | 1.57 (1.36 to 1.82)*** |
English, Australia | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97)*** | 0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)*** | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.00)* |
English, UK | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.88)*** | 0.75 (0.71 to 0.80)*** | 0.82 (0.77 to 0.87)*** |
Scottish, Australia | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.93)*** | 0.90 (0.86 to 0.95)*** | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) |
Scottish, UK | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.90)*** | 0.76 (0.68 to 0.85)*** | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.92)*** |
Welsh, Australia | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.42) |
Welsh, UK | 0.82 (0.65 to 1.04) | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.95)* | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) |
Irish, Australia | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.99)* | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) |
Irish, Ireland | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.13) | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.06) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) |
Danish, Australia | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.15) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.17) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.21) |
Danish, Denmark | 0.43 (0.22 to 0.84)* | 0.36 (0.18 to 0.71)** | 0.38 (0.19 to 0.77)** |
French, Australia | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.24) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) |
French, France | 1.08 (0.73 to 1.60) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.29) | 1.00 (0.67 to 1.51) |
Swiss, Australia | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.65) | 1.00 (0.61 to 1.63) | 1.14 (0.69 to 1.88) |
Swiss, Switzerland | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.65)*** | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.53)*** | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.65)*** |
German, Australia | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.19)*** | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19)*** | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.17)** |
German, Germany | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.13) | 0.82 (0.71 to 0.94)** | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.00)* |
Dutch, Australia | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.22) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.20) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.27) |
Dutch, Netherlands | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.09) | 0.88 (0.78 to 1.01) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) |
Spanish, Australia | 1.08 (0.77 to 1.52) | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.52) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.33) |
Spanish, Spain | 1.35 (0.87 to 2.11) | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.79) | 1.06 (0.67 to 1.67) |
Italian, Australia | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.18) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.21) |
Italian, Italy | 1.79 (1.59 to 2.02)*** | 1.68 (1.49 to 1.89)*** | 1.46 (1.29 to 1.65)** |
Greek, Australia | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.29) | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.30) | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.35) |
Greek, Greece | 2.04 (1.69 to 2.46)*** | 1.81 (1.50 to 2.19)*** | 1.33 (1.10 to 1.62)** |
Polish, Australia | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.32) | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) |
Polish, Poland | 1.89 (1.51 to 2.37)*** | 1.54 (1.22 to 1.94)*** | 1.64 (1.30 to 2.08)*** |
Maltese, Australia | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.57)* | 1.27 (1.01 to 1.59)* | 1.11 (0.88 to 1.41) |
Maltese, Malta | 1.71 (1.41 to 2.09)*** | 1.59 (1.30 to 1.94)*** | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.46) |
Lebanese, Australia | 1.13 (0.85 to 1.50) | 1.22 (0.92 to 1.62) | 1.31 (0.98 to 1.75) |
Lebanese, Lebanon | 3.97 (3.30 to 4.76)*** | 3.67 (3.04 to 4.42)*** | 2.11 (1.73 to 2.57)*** |
Croatian, Australia | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.49) | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.46) | 1.00 (0.64 to 1.56) |
Croatian, Croatia | 2.70 (2.11 to 3.46)*** | 2.30 (1.78 to 2.96)*** | 1.84 (1.42 to 2.39)*** |
Indian, Australia | 1.86 (1.31 to 2.63)*** | 1.88 (1.33 to 2.68)*** | 1.64 (1.14 to 2.35)** |
Indian, India | 1.13 (0.89 to 1.43) | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.36) | 1.43 (1.12 to 1.83)** |
Chinese, Australia | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.48) | 1.16 (0.92 to 1.45) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.50) |
Chinese, China | 1.19 (1.05 to 1.35)** | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.02) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.20) |
Number of occasions spent with friends or family | |||
Quartile 1 (low) | 1 | 1 | |
Quartile 2 (low-to-moderate) | 0.77 (0.74 to 0.81)*** | 0.78 (0.75 to 0.82)*** | |
Quartile 3 (moderate-to-high) | 0.80 (0.77 to 0.83)*** | 0.78 (0.75 to 0.81)*** | |
Quartile 4 (high) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.92)*** | |
Number of telephone conversations | |||
Quartile 1 (low) | 1 | 1 | |
Quartile 2 (low-to-moderate) | 0.77 (0.74 to 0.80)*** | 0.82 (0.79 to 0.85)*** | |
Quartile 3 (moderate-to-high) | 0.79 (0.76 to 0.82)*** | 0.83 (0.80 to 0.87)*** | |
Quartile 4 (high) | 0.78 (0.75 to 0.81)*** | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.88)*** | |
Number of visits to social clubs | |||
Quartile 1 (low) | 1 | 1 | |
Quartile 2 (low-to-moderate) | 0.75 (0.72 to 0.78)*** | 0.86 (0.83 to 0.90)*** | |
Quartile 3 (moderate-to-migh) | 0.77 (0.74 to 0.80)*** | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.91)*** | |
Quartile 4 (high) | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)** | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | |
Number of people who can be relied on | |||
Quartile 1 (low) | 1 | 1 | |
Quartile 2 (low-to-moderate) | 0.58 (0.56 to 0.61)*** | 0.66 (0.63 to 0.68)*** | |
Quartile 3 (moderate-to-high) | 0.48 (0.47 to 0.50)*** | 0.56 (0.54 to 0.58)*** | |
Quartile 4 (high) | 0.36 (0.34 to 0.38)*** | 0.44 (0.42 to 0.46)*** |
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
***p<0.001.
Model 1: multilevel logit regression, adjusted for age and gender.
Model 2: Model 1+social interactions.
Model 3: Model 2+other individual-level variables, neighbourhood affluence and geographical remoteness.