Sowell, USA, 199924 | Cohort | All Medicare population at risk for lower extremity amputation in 1993–1994 | Not addressed—only looked at 1 variable—acknowledged as a limitation | No losses to follow-up | Amputation incidence rates with and without exposure to podiatry |
Lipscombe, Canada, 200337 | Cohort | Patients in Peritoneal Dialysis program at University Health Network, between January 1997 and December 1999 | Data on confounding variables collected | No losses to follow-up | Descriptive stats |
Lavery, USA, 201021 | Cohort | Patients with diabetes attending Scott and White Health Plan, Texas, USA | Data on confounding variables collected | 150 consecutive patients with at least 30 months follow-up from the time of diagnosis recruited so no losses to follow-up | Descriptive stats |
Sloan, UK, 201038 | Cohort | All individuals with a DM-related LEC diagnosis between 1994 and 2001 | Data on confounding variables collected | No losses to follow-up | HRs adjusted for Medicare expenditures from care received from non-study health professionals |