Patient characteristics by smoking status* (column per cents unless noted otherwise)
| Characteristic | Never smoked (n=186 632) | Current smoker (n=135 741) |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking pack-years, mean (SD) | N/A | 48.8 (32.6) |
| Demographics | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 63.1 (13.7) | 57.6 (11.0) |
| Sex (%) | ||
| Female | 5.1 | 4.1 |
| Male | 94.9 | 95.9 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||
| White | 62.3 | 63.1 |
| Black | 12.3 | 14.9 |
| Hispanic | 5.3 | 2.7 |
| Other/unknown | 20.2 | 19.3 |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||
| Diabetes | 20.2 | 14.6 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.2 | 1.0 |
| History of severe COPD | 7.0 | 18.4 |
| Dyspnoea | 8.4 | 15.4 |
| Chronic corticosteroid use | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| Renal failure/dialysis | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| CVA/stroke | 5.9 | 6.6 |
| Transient ischaemic attacks | 2.9 | 3.6 |
| Functional health status (%) | ||
| Independent | 93.5 | 94.8 |
| Partially dependent | 5.2 | 4.6 |
| Totally dependent | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| >10% loss body weight in past 6 months | 1.8 | 3.4 |
| Disseminated cancer | 1.0 | 1.3 |
| Open wound/wound infection | 3.2 | 4.3 |
| DNR status | 0.9 | 0.6 |
| Alcohol >2 drinks/day | 4.3 | 14.6 |
| Operative characteristics | ||
| Anaesthesia technique (%) | ||
| General | 79.4 | 84.8 |
| Epidural/spinal | 15.6 | 10.9 |
| Local/monitored | 5.1 | 4.2 |
| ASA classification (%) | ||
| 1 | 4.4 | 1.6 |
| 2 | 35.8 | 33.4 |
| 3 | 53.8 | 58.2 |
| 4/5 | 6.1 | 6.8 |
| Admission status (%) | ||
| Outpatient | 51.0 | 47.1 |
| Inpatient | 49.0 | 52.9 |
| Specialty of surgeon (%) | ||
| General surgery | 39.3 | 35.3 |
| Neurosurgery | 5.4 | 7.9 |
| Orthopaedic surgery | 29.6 | 21.9 |
| Otolaryngology | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| Plastic surgery | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Thoracic surgery | 1.7 | 5.6 |
| Urology | 15.6 | 13.1 |
| Cardiovascular surgery | 6.3 | 13.8 |
| Other | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Wound classification (%) | ||
| Clean | 70.0 | 70.8 |
| Clean/contaminated | 27.3 | 26.2 |
| Contaminated | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Infected | 1.2 | 1.4 |
| Work RVU (mean, SD) | 14.1 (7.1) | 14.8 (7.8) |
| Operation time, hours (mean, SD) | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.6) |
*All p value are <0.001 with the exception of steroid use, for which was 0.581.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DNR, Do not resuscitate; N/A, not applicable; RUV, relative value units.