Characteristics of the participants
| Participants with personal care (n=6791) | Participants without personal care (n=3560) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years)* | 82.6±6.7 | 71.8±5.2 |
| Sex, women, n (%)* | 4720 (69.5) | 1793 (50.4) |
| Cognitive impairments, n (%)* | 2962 (43.6) | 562 (15.8) [8] |
| GS (kg)* | 16.3±6.9 | 27.3±7.8 |
| CST (s)* | 13.0±5.6 | 8.6±2.4 |
| CWS (m/s)* | 0.7±0.3 | 1.2±0.2 |
| TUG (s)* | 16.6±7.7 | 8.9±1.8 |
| Care level in the LTCI, n (%) | ||
| Support need level 1 | 804 (11.8) | 0 (0) |
| Support need level 2 | 1112 (16.4) | 0 (0) |
| Care need level 1 | 2057 (30.3) | 0 (0) |
| Care need level 2 | 1687 (24.8) | 0 (0) |
| Care need level 3 | 842 (12.4) | 0 (0) |
| Care need level 4 | 257 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
| Care need level 5 | 32 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
| Disability of basic ADLs, n (%) | ||
| Eating | 105 (1.5) [136] | 0 (0) |
| Grooming | 398 (5.9) [136] | 0 (0) |
| Bathing | 1374 (20.2) [136] | 0 (0) |
| Locomotion | 745 (11.0) [136] | 0 (0) |
| Stairs | 1508 (22.2) [136] | 0 (0) |
Individuals with 23 or fewer points on the MMSE in the participants without personal care and with three or more errors on the MSQ in the participants with personal care are considered to have cognitive impairment. Beneficiaries of the LTCI can use multiple services for which they are eligible, according to their care plan up to the maximum amount (£382 for Support Level 1; £800 for Support Level 2; £1275 for Care Level 1; £1498 for Care Level 2; £2058 for Care Level 3; £2354 for Care Level 4; £2756 for Care Level 5), in principle, for a 10% copayment and can use more services than covered as long as they pay all the costs for the services beyond the maximum level (calculated at £1=130 yen).
*Comparison between the participants with and without personal care; p<0.001, [ ] missing value.
CST, chair stand test; CWS, comfortable walking speed; GS, grip strength; LTCI, long-term care insurance; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MSQ, mental status questionnaire; TUG, timed up-and-go test.