Health literacy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate | Low | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | Univariable analysis N=687 | Multivariable analysis N=659 | ||
p Value* | Adjusted odds of having low health literacy (p values) | ||||
Total | 581 (84.57) | 106 (15.43) | |||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 397 (68.33) | 87 (82.08) | 0.004 | 0.32 (<0.001) | |
Female | 184 (31.67) | 19 (17.92) | |||
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 524 (90.19) | 81 (76.42) | <0.001 | 3.12 (<0.001) | |
Other | 57 (9.81) | 25 (23.58) | |||
Age, mean (SD) | |||||
Years | 71.14 (10.41) | 68.92 (11.84) | 0.049 | 1.00 (0.873) | |
Index of multiple deprivation score, mean (SD) | |||||
Range 0–100 | 18.34 (13.84) | 24.37 (13.24) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.072) | |
Time in education, mean (SD) | |||||
Years | 12.01 (3.40) | 10.92 (2.46) | <0.001† | 0.84 (0.001) | |
Employment status | |||||
Unemployed/student | 14 (2.42) | 10 (9.52) | 0.001 | 0.138 | |
Paid employment | 117 (20.21) | 18 (17.14) | 0.31 | ||
Retired/housewife | 448 (77.37) | 77 (73.33) | 0.34 | ||
Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
Alcohol intake (units) | |||||
Does not drink | 136 (23.45) | 44 (41.90) | 0.001 | 0.002 | |
1–10 | 289 (49.83) | 44 (41.90) | 0.48 | ||
11–20 | 87 (15.00) | 9 (8.57) | 0.34 | ||
Greater than 21 | 68 (11.72) | 8 (7.62) | 0.24 | ||
BMI | |||||
Underweight/normal | 145 (25.62) | 15 (14.29) | 0.024 | 0.027 | |
Overweight | 250 (44.17) | 48 (45.71) | 2.38 | ||
Obese | 171 (30.21) | 42 (40.00) | 2.50 | ||
Mental health | |||||
Depression score, mean (SD) | 2.86 (3.14) | 4.28 (3.76) | <0.001† | ||
Anxiety score, mean (SD) | 4.39 (4.13) | 6.35 (5.18) | <0.001† | 1.08 (0.002) | |
Health utilisation in the 6 months prior to baseline | |||||
Number of practice nurse visits, mean (SD) | 0.89 (1.85) | 1.33 (2.21) | 0.008‡ | ||
Duration of practice nurse visit, mean (SD) | 4.98 (7.05) | 6.98 (8.30) | 0.008‡ | ||
All other service use variables§ | 0.120¶–0.793** |
*p Value from t test for continuous variables and χ²-tests for categorical variables.
†Unequal variances t test used.
‡Wilcoxon rank sum test.
§Number of accident and emergency visits, day hospital and inpatient admissions (days), outpatient visits, general practice visits (number and duration), district nurse visits (number and duration), other medical visits (number and duration), other care-based visits (number and duration) and informal care visits number.
¶Number of accident and emergency visits.
**Other care-based visits (duration).
BMI, body mass index.