Pooled regression models showing ORs (95% CIs) for smoking and chewing among women and interactions for wealth, education, residence and caste over time.
| Smoking | Chewing | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | Model 1: full model | Model 2: interaction with wealth | Model 3: interaction with education | Model 4: interaction with living environment | Model 5: interaction with caste | Model 1: full model | Model 2: interaction with wealth | Model 3: interaction with education | Model 4: interaction with living environment | Model 5: interaction with caste |
| Wealth quintiles (richest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Richer | 1.48 (1.28 to 1.71) | 1.82 (1.49 to 2.22) | 1.48 (1.28 to 1.71) | 1.48 (1.28 to 1.71) | 1.49 (1.29 to 1.72) | 1.48 (1.41 to 1.56) | 1.41 (1.32 to 1.51) | 1.48 (1.4 to 1.55) | 1.51 (1.43 to 1.59) | 1.48 (1.41 to 1.56) |
| Middle | 1.9 (1.64 to 2.19) | 2.63 (2.17 to 3.19) | 1.87 (1.62 to 2.16) | 1.88 (1.62 to 2.18) | 1.9 (1.64 to 2.19) | 1.75 (1.66 to 1.85) | 1.58 (1.47 to 1.7) | 1.75 (1.65 to 1.84) | 1.81 (1.72 to 1.92) | 1.76 (1.66 to 1.85) |
| Poorer | 2.75 (2.37 to 3.19) | 3.72 (3.07 to 5.52) | 2.8 (2.41 to 3.25) | 2.81 (2.42 to 3.26) | 2.85 (2.45 to 3.30) | 2.14 (2.02 to 2.27) | 1.86 (1.72 to 2.002) | 2.13 (2.01 to 2.25) | 2.2 (2.07 to 2.32) | 2.14 (2.02 to 2.27) |
| Poorest | 3.95 (3.39 to 4.6) | 4.83 (3.97 to 5.88) | 4.03 (3.46 to 4.69) | 4.05 (3.47 to 4.72) | 4.08 (3.5 to 4.75) | 2.67 (2.5 to 2.84) | 2.14 (1.99 to 2.32) | 2.65 (2.49 to 2.82) | 2.7 (2.54 to 2.88) | 2.7 (2.5 to 2.84) |
| Education (postgraduate) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| College | 1.59 (0.91 to 2.8) | 1.61 (0.92 to 2.82) | 0.98 (0.37 to 2.58) | 1.58 (0.9 to 2.78) | 1.57 (0.9 to 2.75) | 1.84 (1.55 to 2.19) | 1.83 (1.54 to 2.17) | 1.1 (0.85 to 1.42) | 1.82 (1.53 to 2.17) | 1.84 (1.55 to 2.19) |
| High school | 1.78 (1.06 to 2.99) | 1.67 (1.01 to to 2.82) | 1.95 (0.83 to 4.56) | 1.62 (0.96 to 2.72) | 1.61 (0.99 to 2.7) | 2.19 (1.86 to 2.57) | 2.13 (1.82 to 2.51) | 1.47 (1.17 to 1.85) | 2.15 (1.82 to 2.54) | 2.21 (1.88 to 2.6) |
| Primary | 2.78 (1.66 to 4.68) | 2.62 (1.56 to 4.41) | 3.32 (1.42 to 7.76) | 2.54 (1.51 to 4.29) | 2.52 (1.5 to 4.24) | 2.87 (2.44 to 3.4) | 2.83 (2.4 to 3.33) | 2.03 (1.61 to 2.56) | 2.86 (2.42 to 3.37) | 2.89 (2.45 to 3.41) |
| No education | 4.78 (2.84 to 8.04) | 4.91 (2.93 to 8.23) | 6.89 (2.53 to 13.73) | 4.72 (2.81 to 7.93) | 4.66 (2.77 to 7.81) | 3.85 (3.27 to 4.53) | 3.75 (3.19 to 4.42) | 2.58 (2.04 to 3.24) | 3.8 (3.22 to 4.48) | 3.85 (3.27 to 4.53) |
| Living environment (large city) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Small city | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.17) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.04) | 1.004 (0.84 to 1.2) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.32) | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.1) | 1.2 (1.11 to 1.29) |
| Town | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.37) | 1.2 (1.04 to 1.38) | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.4) | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.62) | 1.23 (1.1 to 1.41) | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.45) | 1.37 (1.29 to 1.47) | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.45) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 1.34 (1.25 to 1.43) |
| Village | 1.4 (1.24 to 1.59) | 1.28 (1.13 to 1.46) | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.49) | 1.37 (1.14 to 1.66) | 1.32 (1.16 to 1.49) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) | 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75) | 1.07 (1.005 to 1.13) |
| Caste/tribe (other) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| SC | 1.5 (1.39 to 1.62) | 1.55 (1.43 to 1.67) | 1.54 (1.43 to 1.67) | 1.54 (1.43 to 1.67) | 1.4 (1.27 to 1.55) | 1.28 (1.23 to 1.33) | 1.28 (1.23 to 1.36) | 1.28 (1.23 to 1.33) | 1.29 (1.24 to 1.34) | 1.28 (1.22 to 1.35) |
| ST | 2.04 (1.86 to 2.24) | 2.11 (1.92 to 2.3) | 2.11 (1.93 to 2.31) | 2.11 (1.93 to 2.31) | 1.99 (1.79 to 2.23) | 1.53 (1.46 to 1.6) | 1.53 (1.46 to 1.61) | 1.53 (1.46 to 1.61) | 1.52 (1.45 to 1.6) | 1.48 (1.39 to 1.58) |
| OBC | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.2) | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.26) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.12) |
| No caste or missing | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.81) | 0.74 (0.64 to 0.86) | 0.72 (0.62 to 0.85) | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.85) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.2) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.01) |
| Survey year | 1.004 (0.98 to 1.03) | 0.89 (0.31 to 2.56) | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.83) | 0.57 (0.51 to 0.63) | 0.81 (0.75 to 0.87) | 0.54 (0.4 to 0.74) | 0.52 (0.47 to 0.56) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | ||
| Year* Richer | 0.66 (0.5 to 0.87) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.21) | ||||||||
| Year* Middle | 0.47 (0.36 to 0.61) | 1.21 (1.1 to 1.34) | ||||||||
| Year* Poorer | 0.56 (0.44 to 0.72) | 1.3 (1.18 to 1.43) | ||||||||
| Year* Poorest | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.91) | 1.5 (1.37 to 1.64) | ||||||||
| Year* College | 1.98 (0.6 to 6.52) | 2.26 (1.6 to 3.21) | ||||||||
| Year* High school | 0.77 (0.26 to 2.22) | 1.94 (1.41 to 2.67) | ||||||||
| Year* Primary | 0.61 (0.21 to 1.75) | 1.74 (1.27 to 2.4) | ||||||||
| Year* No education | 0.7 (0.24 to 2.0) | 1.94 (1.41 to 2.66) | ||||||||
| Year* Small city | 1.44 (0.99 to 2.07) | 1.61 (1.38 to 1.88) | ||||||||
| Year* Town | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.16) | 1.94 (1.72 to 2.19) | ||||||||
| Year* Village | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.15) | 2.26 (2.06 to 2.48) | ||||||||
| Year* SC | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.51) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.07) | ||||||||
| Year* ST | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) | ||||||||
| Year* OBC | 1.1 (0.96 to 1.27) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) | ||||||||
| Year* No caste | 0.45 (0.32 to 0.63) | 1.22 (1.07,1.38) | ||||||||
| Fixed part of the model | ||||||||||
| Overall χ2 for interaction (p value) | 19.128 (p<0.001) | 0.041 (p=0.99) | 50.195 (p<0.001) | 0.992 (p=0.91) | 31.96 (p<0.0001) | 17.42 (p=0.001) | 157.008 (p<0.0001) | 2.665 (p=0.615) | ||
| Random part of the model | ||||||||||
| χ2 for level 3: state (p value) | 12.91 (p=0.011) | 12.91 (p=0.011) | 12.91 (p=0.004) | 12.91 (p=0.011) | 12.94 (p=0.011) | 12.94 (p=0.011) | 12.94 (p=0.004) | 12.94 (p=0.011) | ||
| χ2 for level 2: local area (p value) | 260.98 (p<0.001) | 266.3 (p<0.001) | 264.9 (p<0.001) | 263.5 (p<0.001) | 844.91 (p<0.0001) | 839.3 (p<0.0001) | 824.92 (p<0.0001) | 837.64 (p<0.0001) | ||
*Models are controlled for age (centred at 29 years), marital status and religion.