Study | Location | Quality* | Control versus study protocol | Bystander CPR (%) | Response time (min) | Initial VF/VT (%) | Total arrests (n) | Survival to discharge (n, %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiocerebral resuscitation | ||||||||
Bobrow et al18 | Arizona | High | AHA 2000 | 34 | 5.6 | 31.7 | 218 | 4 (1.8%) |
MICR† | 39 | 5.2 | 29.9 | 668 | 36 (5.4%) | |||
Garza et al19 | Missouri | High | AHA 2000 | 38 | 5.4 | 31.4 | 1097 | 64 (5.8%) |
KCMO Protocol‡ | 47 | 5.3 | 33.3 | 339 | 37 (10.9%) | |||
Kellum et al20 | Wisconsin | High | AHA 2000 | 45§ | 7.4§ | 42.5 | 268 | 21 (7.8%) |
CCR | 45§ | 8.6§ | 47.4 | 230 | 42 (18.3%) | |||
AHA/ERC 2005 guidelines | ||||||||
Aufderheide et al21 | MN, TX, NE, FL, NC | High | AHA 2000 | 38 | 5.6 | 25.3 | 1641 | 166 (10.1%) |
AHA 2005 | 40 | 5.6 | 23.9 | 1605 | 211 (13.1%) | |||
Bigham et al22 | Canada and USA | Medium | AHA 2000 | 29 | 5.8 | 23.1 | 5054 | 294 (5.8%) |
AHA 2005 | 35 | 5.7 | 24.2 | 2725 | 177 (6.5%) | |||
Hinchey et al23 | North Carolina | High | AHA 2000 | 39 | 6.1 | 29.3 | 425 | 18 (4.2%) |
AHA 2005¶ | 35 | 5.4 | 24.1 | 410 | 47 (11.5%) | |||
Hung et al24 | Taiwan | High | AHA 2000 | 8 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 463 | 47 (10.2%) |
AHA 2005 | 10 | 4.7 | 7.2 | 430 | 30 (7.0%) | |||
Lick et al25 | Minnesota | High | AHA 2000** | 20 | 7.5 | 27.3 | 106 | 9 (8.5%) |
AHA 2005** | 29 | 7.2 | 36.4 | 247 | 48 (19.4%) | |||
Olasveengen et al26 | Norway | Medium | ERC 2000 | 52 | 8 | 35 | 435 | 46 (10.6%) |
ERC 2005 | 58 | 9 | 34 | 482 | 63 (13.1%) | |||
Robinson et al27 | New Zealand | Medium | AHA 2000 | 50 | 9.1 | 45 | 162 | 18 (11.1%) |
AHA 2005 | 51 | 9.3 | 50 | 170 | 20 (11.8%) | |||
Sayre et al28 | Ohio | High | AHA 2000†† | 28 | 5.1 | 21.7 | 660 | 40 (6.1%) |
AHA 2005†† | 28 | 5.1 | 22.3 | 1021 | 96 (9.4%) | |||
Steinmetz et al29 | Denmark | Medium | ERC 2000 | 24 | 5 | 34.1 | 193 | 21 (10.9%) |
ERC 2005‡‡ | 28 | 5 | 43.3 | 226 | 41 (18.1%) |
*Quality categorised as high, medium or low using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, similar to other recent meta-analyses.
†Minimally Interrupted Cardiac Resuscitation (MICR) allowed either passive insufflation or bag-valve-mask ventilation at paramedic discretion.
‡Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO) protocol included a 50:2 compression to ventilation ratio.
§These values represent the sub-population of witnessed VF/VT.
¶Values are reported from ‘Phase 3’ of the step-wise introduction of AHA 2005 guidelines.
**These protocols represent the ‘Pre’ and ‘Post’ states of a community intervention.
††Both protocols used 2 min of CPR prior to the first defibrillation.
‡‡This protocol used an automated compression device (AutoPulse, Zoll Medical Corporation, Chelmsford, MA, US).
CCR, cardiocerebral resuscitation, CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, VF/VT, ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia.