Rates per 100 women for obstetric intervention among multiparas at low risk for 1996/1997 and 2000/2008—age standardised
| Labour management | Management at birth | 1996/1997 Private | 2000–2008 Private | 1996/1997 Public | 2000–2008 Public |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before birth no epidural, no induction | No episiotomy | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 82.5 | 82.6 | 92 | 92.6 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 1 | |
| Episiotomy | |||||
| Vaginal birth | 11.9 | 9.9 | 4.9 | 2.8 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
| Caesarean section after labour | 2.7 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 3 | |
| Subgroup | 47.6 | 35.2 | 72.4 | 63 | |
| No epidural, induction | No episiotomy | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 79.3 | 80.8 | 87.9 | 89.8 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 1.5 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 2 | |
| Episiotomy | |||||
| Vaginal birth | 15.5 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 3.5 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.8 | |
| Caesarean section after labour | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3 | 3.9 | |
| Subgroup rate | 19.9 | 18.4 | 14.9 | 16.3 | |
| Epidural, no induction | No episiotomy | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 51.4 | 54.8 | 61 | 65.1 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 10.4 | 10.6 | 5.2 | 7.5 | |
| Episiotomy | |||||
| Vaginal birth | 11.5 | 10.3 | 3.8 | 3.8 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 11.2 | 6 | 8.2 | 4.7 | |
| Caesarean section after labour | 15.4 | 18.3 | 21.8 | 18.9 | |
| Subgroup rate | 8.1 | 10.6 | 3.4 | 4.8 | |
| Epidural, induction | No episiotomy | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 55.2 | 64.3 | 62.3 | 68.3 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 13.7 | 11.2 | 9.2 | 9.6 | |
| Episiotomy | |||||
| Vaginal birth | 14 | 11.4 | 5.3 | 4.2 | |
| Forceps or vacuum | 8.9 | 5.3 | 8 | 3.8 | |
| Caesarean section after labour | 8.2 | 7.8 | 15.2 | 14.1 | |
| Subgroup rate | 11.2 | 14.4 | 3 | 4.6 | |
| Rate for caesarean section before labour | 13 | 21.5 | 6.3 | 11.2 | |