Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants in screening programmes
| Community screenings | High-risk population screenings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | Bolivia | USA | Bangladesh | Georgia | |
| Participants (n) | 20811 | 3436 | 4299 | 1518 | 1549 |
| Age (year) | 39 (27 to 51) | 40 (31 to 51) | 45 (32 to 58) | 48 (38 to 60) | 52 (18 to 85) |
| Women | 61.4 (60.8 to 62.1) | 63.8 (62.2 to65.4) | 50.6 (49.0 to 52.1) | 56.6 (54.1 to 59.1) | 74.6 (72.4 to 76.8) |
| Married | 82.7 (82.2 to 83.2) | 68.4 (66.8 to 69.9) | 56.6 (54.0 to 59.2) | 91.0 (89.4 to 92.4) | 89.7 (88.0 to 91.2) |
| Education (years) | |||||
| >10 | 35.5 (34.8 to 36.3) | 56.1 (54.4 to 57.8) | 55.6* (51.8 to 59.3) | 4.2 (3.3 to 5.4) | 38.1 (35.6 to 40.7) |
| 6–10 | 21.9 (21.3 to 22.5) | 19.6 (18.3 to 21.0) | 38.1† (34.8 to 41.4) | 13.7 (12.0 to 15.5) | 57.0 (54.4 to 59.5) |
| 1–5 | 14.3 (13.8 to 14.9) | 21.0 (19.6 to 22.4) | 6.3‡ (5.4 to 7.4) | 32.3 (29.9 to 34.7) | 3.3 (2.4 to 4.4) |
| None | 28.2 (27.5 to 28.9) | 3.4 (2.8 to 4.0) | 49.8 (47.2 to 52.4) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.4) | |
| Work | |||||
| Physical labour | 10.4 (10.0 to 10.8) | 5.1 (4.4 to 5.9) | 29.0 (26.7 to 31.4) | 9.7 (8.2 to 11.3) | |
| Office work | 17.4 (16.9 to 17.9) | 21.7 (20.3 to 23.1) | 3.1 (2.3 to 4.1) | 22.0 (19.9 to 24.3) | |
| House work | 52.9 (52.2 to 53.6) | 28.2 (26.7 to 29.7) | 48.9 (46.3 to 51.4) | 31.2 (28.8 to 33.7) | |
| Unemployed | 14.2 (13.8 to 14.7) | 45.1 (43.4 to 46.7) | 19.0 (17.1 to 21.1) | 37.1 (34.6 to 39.7) | |
| Fruit/vegetable intake | |||||
| 1×/day | 30.9 (30.3 to 31.5) | 8.5 (7.6 to 9.5) | 5.6 (4.5 to 6.8) | 45.9 (43.3 to 48.5) | |
| 3–5×/day | 58.0 (57.4 to 58.7) | 61.7 (60.1 to 63.4) | 60.8 (58.3 to 63.3) | 41.8 (39.3 to 44.4) | |
| 1×/week | 10.2 (9.8 to 10.7) | 28.9 (27.3 to 30.4) | 32.3 (29.9 to 34.7) | 7.6 (6.3 to 9.1) | |
| None | 0.8 (0.7 to 9.5) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | 4.7 (3.7 to 5.9) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current | 13.2 (12.8 to 13.7) | 11.7 (10.7 to 12.9) | 23.6 (21.1 to 26.2) | 29.2 (26.9 to 31.6) | 10.3 (8.8 to 12.0) |
| Former | 9.4 (9.0 to 9.8) | 7.4 (6.5 to 8.3) | 24.9 (23.0 to 27.0) | 2.9 (2.1 to 3.9) | 4.4 (3.4 to 5.6) |
| No | 77.3 (76.8 to 77.9) | 80.9 (79.5 to 82.2) | 51.5 (48.6 to 54.3) | 67.9 (65.5 to 70.2) | 85.3 (83.4 to 87.1) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| 1×/day | 7.4 (7.1 to 7.8) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 5.7 (4.6 to 7.1) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.4) | |
| 1×/week | 6.5 (6.2 to 6.9) | 5.0 (4.3 to 5.8) | 31.6 (29.2 to 34.1) | 10.6 (9.0 to 12.2) | |
| 1×/month | 11.8 (11.3 to 12.2) | 36.4 (34.8 to 38.0) | 43.3 (41.0 to 45.7) | 0.3 – | 19.1 (17.1 to 21.2) |
| None | 74.3 (73.7 to 74.9) | 58.2 (56.5 to 59.8) | 19.4 (17.3 to 21.6) | 99.7 (99.2 to 99.9) | 68.7 (66.2 to 71.1) |
| Physical activity (min/day) | |||||
| >60 | 33.3 (32.7 to 34.0) | 23.0 (21.6 to 24.5) | 73.6 (71.3 to 75.8) | 55.3 (52.7 to 58.0) | |
| 30–60 | 23.2 (22.6 to 23.8) | 43.7 (42.0 to 45.4) | 5.7 (4.6 to 7.0) | 19.1 (17.01 to 21.2) | |
| <30 | 21.0 (20.5 to 21.6) | 27.0 (25.5 to 28.5) | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.4) | 14.2 (12.4 to 16.2) | |
| None | 22.4 (21.9 to 23.0) | 6.3 (5.5 to 7.1) | 18.2 (16.3 to 20.3) | 11.4 (9.7 to 13.1) | |
| Family history | |||||
| CKD | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.6) | 12.3 (11.2 to 13.4) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 26.4 (24.1 to 28.7) | |
| HTN | 22.0 (21.4 to 22.6) | 29.1 (27.6 to 30.6) | 18.5 (16.6 to 20.5) | 61.5 (58.9 to 64.0) | |
| DM | 11.9 (11.4 to 12.3) | 17.6 (16.3 to 18.9) | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.6) | 29.8 (27.4 to 32.2) | |
| MI/CVD | 3.4 (3.2 to 3.6) | 12.3 (11.2 to 13.4) | 0.7 – | 25.2 (23.0 to 27.6) | |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 56 (49 to 65) | 64 (56 to 73) | 79.1 (66.4 to 93.0) | 52 (45 to 58) | 76 (23 to 151) |
| Height (cm) | 155 (90 to 198) | 156 (150 to 163) | 169.0 (161.9 to 177) | 155 (150 to 162) | 165 (69 to 202) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 (20.5 to 26.0) | 25.9 (23 to 29) | 27.3 (23.9 to 31.7) | 21.4 (19.1 to 23.8) | 28 (15 to 65) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79 (70 to 87) | 87 (78 to 95) | 96.0 (85.6 to 107.1) | 78 (71 to 85) | 90 (48 to 190) |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 89 (83 to 95) | 99 (93 to 106) | 88 (83 to 93) | 104 (40 to 196) | |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.9 (0.8 to 0.9) | 0.9 (0.8 to 0.9) | 0.9 (0.9 to 1) | 0.8 (0.2 to 4.2) | |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| SBP | 120 (110 to 130) | 106 (97 to 117) | 118 (109 to 129) | 140 (110 to 150) | 136 (63 to 237) |
| DBP | 80 (70 to 90) | 73 (67 to 80) | 70 (62 to 76) | 90 (80 to 90) | 80 (46 to 143) |
| MAP | 85 (79 to 93) | ||||
Data are expressed as percentage (CI) or median (IQR) if not otherwise specified.
CIs are not presented when relative SE>30%, because of unreliable estimates.
* Higher than high school.
† 9th–12th grade.
‡ <9th grade.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; MI/CVD, myocardial infarction/cardiovascular disease; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.