Table 1

Greenhouse gas emissions, expressed as CO₂ equivalents/kg food produced for consumption in the UK^*

	Food category	GHG emissions (kg CO₂-e/kg)	Inclusions/notes	Source
Unprocessed meat
1	Beef	30.00		DEFRA14
2	Lamb	50.00		DEFRA14
3	Pork	10.00		DEFRA14
4	Other red meat†	30.00	Venison, goat	Mean beef/pork/lamb
5	White meat‡	4.00	Chicken, turkey, game birds	DEFRA14
6	Other birds	5.32	Duck, goose	DEFRA14
Processed meat§
7	Processed beef	30.00		= Beef
8	Processed pork	10.00	Sausage meat, bacon, ham	= Pork
9	Processed white meat	4.00		= White meat
Fish
10	Fresh fish/shellfish	2.60		Wallen et al 15
11	Frozen fish	6.50		Wallen et al 15
Dairy/eggs
12	Milk	1.30	Yoghurt, cream, custard	DEFRA14
13	Cheese	9.80		Wallen et al 15
14	Ice cream	0.64		Wallen et al 15
15	Egg	3.00		DEFRA14
Starchy staples
16	Bread	0.73		DEFRA14
17	Breakfast cereal	1.00		Wallen et al 15
18	Pasta	0.81		Wallen et al 15
19	Rice	1.68		Wallen et al 15
20	Unprocessed potato	0.16		DEFRA14
21	Frozen potato	0.57		Wallen et al 15
22	Other potato products	2.37		Wallen et al 15
23	Flour/other grains	1.00		Wallen et al 15
Fruit and vegetables
24	Vegetables (1)	0.50	Roots, onions, brassicas	Wallen et al 15
25	Vegetables (2)	3.30	All other, including salad	Wallen et al 15
26	Pulses	0.64	Dried/tinned	Wallen et al 15
27	Tomato^g	2.00	Including tinned	DEFRA14
28	Fruit	0.40	All	Wallen et al 15
Fats
29	Butter	0.98		Wallen et al 15
30	Margarine	2.12		Wallen et al 15
31	Cooking oil	3.53		Wallen et al 15
Other
32	Crispbread/biscuits	2.65		Wallen et al 15
33	Buns/cakes	0.91		Wallen et al 15
34	Chocolate/sweets	1.80		Wallen et al 15
35	Sugar/honey/treacle	4.18		Wallen et al 15
36	Jam/marmalade	0.81	Including chutneys	Wallen et al 15
Beverages
37	Soft beverages	0.56		Wallen et al 15
38	Mineral water	0.56		= Soft beverages
39	Alcoholic beverages	0.56		= Soft beverages
40	Fruit juice/syrup	0.99	Including cordials	Wallen et al 15
41	Coffee	33.00		DEFRA14
42	Tea	4.10	Including herbal tea	DEFRA14
43	Cocoa	210.00	Including hot chocolate	DEFRA14
44	Tap water	0.00	Including that in foods	No data
45	Miscellaneous	1.85	All other	Mean of all

Further details in web appendix: assumptions and methods used in the derivation of greenhouse gas emissions from food produced for the UK consumers.
↵* Emission estimates are preferentially based on life-cycle analyses. Where emissions vary by production system within and beyond the UK, values are averages weighted on contributions to the UK food supply.
The following definitions were used, consistent those used in the meta-analyses of intake-risk associations: †Red meat as beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton and goat, either fresh, minced (including hamburgers) or frozen, but unprocessed other than by cooking with heat. Although processed meats were primarily red meats, the term ‘red meat’ has been used in this report to refer to ‘unprocessed red meat’, unless otherwise specified.‡White meat as meat from poultry, fresh, minced or frozen, but unprocessed other than by cooking with heat.§Processed meat as meat preserved by smoking, curing, salting or addition of nitrates, nitrites or other preservatives. Under this definition, processed meats were primarily red, but included white meats, and included ham, bacon, pastrami, salami, sausages and processed deli or luncheon meats.