Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Control (healthy adults) | HCM | AT-LVH* | H-LVH† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=12 | N=56 | N=34 | N=27 | p Value‡ | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| Mean±SD | 29.3±6.3 | 54.9±14.9 | 28.8±7.2 | 47.6±10.6 | a, c, d, e, f |
| Range (minimum–maximum) | 20–45 | 25–89 | 20–49 | 25–68 | |
| Gender (male) % | 11 (91.7%) | 29 (49.2%) | 27 (100%) | 20 (58.8%) | a, c, d, e, f |
| Height (m) | 1.73±0.04 | 1.7±0.11 | 1.99±0.12 | 1.74±0.12 | b, d, e |
| Weight (kg) | 76.2±4.5 | 80.9±23.9 | 103±11.7 | 82.8±25 | b, d, e |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9±0.11 | 1.98±0.32 | 2.4±0.22 | 1.9±0.29 | b, d, e |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| Systolic | 119±5 | 133±19 | 133±19 | 149±16 | a, c ,d, f |
| Diastolic | 75±4 | 76±10 | 76±10 | 84±12 | c, f |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71±10 | 73±13 | 64±10 | 75±9 | d |
| QRS duration (ms) | 101±4 | 105±15 | 96±8 | 97±14 | b, d, f |
| Corrected QT interval (QTc) ms | 384±31 | 460±22 | 404±18 | 445±32 | a, c, d, e |
| 2D echocardiography parameters | |||||
| LA dimension | |||||
| Diameter (cm) | 3.2±0.4 | 4.2±0.6 | 3.6±0.4 | 3.8±0.5 | a, c, e |
| Indexed for BSA (cm/m2) | 1.7±0.2 | 2.2±0.5 | 1.5±0.2 | 2±0.4 | a, c, d, e |
| LV dimensions | |||||
| End-diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.7±0.5 | 4±0.8 | 5.3±0.5 | 4.1±0.7 | a, c, d, e, f |
| End-systolic diameter (cm) | 3.1±0.5 | 2±0.6 | 3.2±0.9 | 2.1±0.7 | a, b, c, d, e |
| LV fractional shortening (%) | 34.1±10.4 | 50.3±12.5 | 39.6±15 | 48.4±11.9 | a, c, e |
| LVEF (%) | 63±2 | 65±5 | 61±4 | 64±5 | e |
| Septal wall thickness (mm) | 8.8±1.4 | 23.3±4.9 | 11.5±1.1 | 16.3±2.3 | a, b, c, d, e, f |
| LV posterior wall thickness (mm) | 8.6±1.4 | 15.6±4 | 10.5±1.2 | 15.2±2.5 | a, b, c, d, e |
| Septum-posterior wall ratio | 1±0.3 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.1 | a, e, f |
| Relative wall thickness (RWT) | 0.4±0.1 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.8±0.3 | a, c, d, e |
| Tissue Doppler imaging: | |||||
| S′ wave (cm/s) | 6.6±0.8 | 4.7±1.2 | 6.9±1.3 | 5.9±1.3 | a, e, f |
| E′ wave (cm/s) | 9.8±1.5 | 3.1±1.7 | 10.0±1.7 | 5.3±1.7 | a, c, d, e, f |
| A′ wave (cm/s) | 6.6±1.1 | 4.9±1.8 | 5.9±1.8 | 6.4±2.1 | f |
| Global thickness dispersion index (ThDI) | 1.22±0.32 | 2.35±0.84 | 1.12±0.31 | 1.52±0.48 | a, d, e, f |
Data are presented as mean±SD.
*Professional athletes with physiological left ventricular hypertrophy.
†Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy.
‡p Values were obtained through Mann-Whitney test or χ2 square as appropriate. a=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between controls versus HCM; b=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between controls versus AT-LVH; c=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between controls versus H-LVH; d=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between AT-LVH versus H-LVH; e=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between AT-LVH versus HCM; f=statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between H-LVH versus HCM.
AT-LVH, athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy; BSA, body surface area; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; H-LVH, hypertensive LVH, LA, left atrium.