Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
---|---|---|
Breastfeeding duration | ||
None | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
Up to 3 months | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.14) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) |
>3 months | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.03) | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.16) |
Maternal FFQ in pregnancy | ||
Total ω-3 | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.60) | 1.26 (0.81 to 1.97) |
DHA | 1.24 (0.56 to 2.74) | 1.69 (0.66 to 4.34) |
EPA | 1.30 (0.42 to 4.05) | 1.94 (0.50 to 7.52) |
Child FFQ at 3 years | ||
Total ω-3 | 1.48 (0.54 to 4.06) | 1.85 (0.57 to 6.01) |
DHA | 2.26 (0.27 to 18.57) | 4.35 (0.37 to 50.78) |
EPA | 3.96 (0.12 to 129.4) | 9.73 (0.17 to 568.9) |
Child FFQ at 6 years | ||
Total ω-3 | 1.55 (0.83 to 2.91) | 1.62 (0.79 to 3.36) |
DHA | 2.70 (0.56 to 13.04) | 3.12 (0.51 to 19.22) |
EPA | 4.37 (0.39 to 49.32) | 5.07 (0.31 to 83.48) |
Child plasma levels at 7 years | ||
AA (20:4n6) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03) |
DHA (22:6n3) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.22) | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.32) |
EPA (20:5n3) | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.50) | 1.15 (0.77 to 1.70) |
LA (18:2n6) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) |
ALA (18:3n3) | 1.14 (0.88 to 1.47) | 1.16 (0.87 to 1.55) |
Maternal prenatal red cell levels | ||
AA (20:4n6) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) |
DHA (22:6n3) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) |
EPA (20:5n3) | 0.78 (0.47 to 1.29) | 0.63 (0.34 to 1.17) |
LA (18:2n6) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) |
ALA (18:3n3) | 0.76 (0.21 to 2.75) | 0.40 (0.09 to 1.83) |
*Adjusted for gender, maternal education, family social class, parity, maternal smoking, childhood environmental tobacco smoke.
AA, arachidoic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FFQ, calculated from seafood intake using food frequency questionnaire; LA, linoleic acid.