Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | DR− control | DR+ case | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n=157) | (n=199) | ||
| Age (years)* | 64.32±9.01 | 58.81±8.63 | <0.0001 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 98 (62.4) | 128 (64.3) | 0.711 |
| Duration of T2DM (years)* | 18.44±6.18 | 17.74±5.45 | 0.261 |
| User of insulin | 34 (21.7) | 83 (41.7) | <0.0001 |
| Age at diabetes onset (years)* | 44.88±9.19 | 41.06±9.25 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 7.55±1.97 | 9.23±2.69 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)* | 58.97±21.51 | 77.39±29.37 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)* | 133.06±18.24 | 135.82±20.07 | 0.180 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)* | 77.04±9.38 | 81.52±10.66 | <0.0001 |
| BMI* (kg/m2) | 25.33±7.78 | 23.79±5.36 | 0.031 |
| History of hypertension | 66 (42.0) | 78 (39.2) | 0.587 |
| Smokers | 23 (14.6) | 37 (18.6) | 0.321 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l)* | 4.29±1.10 | 4.05±1.03 | 0.069 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)* | 1.06±0.31 | 1.09±1.06 | 0.763 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1.17±0.61 | 1.12±0.54 | 0.541 |
| Microalbuminuria | 29 (19.9) | 86 (58.5) | <0.0001 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 3 (2.1) | 14 (9.5) | 0.010 |
*Data are M±SD. p<0.05: statistically significant.
BMI, basal metabolic index; BP, blood pressure; DR+, T2D subjects with retinopathy; DR−, T2D subjects without retinopathy; HbA1C, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; n, total subjects; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.