Estimates of RR for the included association between determinants of health end health outcomes
| Association | Exposure | RR (95% CI) |
| Physical inactivity* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | Inactive vs sufficiently active | 1.71 (1.58 to 1.85) |
| Moderately active vs sufficiently active | 1.44 (1.28 to 1.62) | |
| Ischaemic stroke | Inactive vs sufficiently active | 1.53 (1.31 to 1.79) |
| Moderately active vs sufficiently active | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.37) | |
| Type II diabetes | Inactive vs sufficiently active | 1.45 (1.37 to 1.54) |
| Moderately active vs sufficiently active | 1.24 (1.10 to 1.39) | |
| Breast cancer | Inactive vs sufficiently active | 1.25 (1.20 to 1.30) |
| Moderately active vs sufficiently active | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22) | |
| Colon cancer | Inactive vs sufficiently active | 1.68 (1.55 to 1.82) |
| Moderately active vs sufficiently active | 1.18 (1.05 to 1.33) | |
| Air pollution† | ||
| Cardiopulmonary disease | 2–4.9 km | 1.004 (1.001 to 1.006) |
| 5–9.9 km | 1.008 (1.002 to 1.013) | |
| 10–14.9 km | 1.012 (1.003 to 1.022) | |
| Lung cancer | 2–4.9 km | 1.005 (1.001 to 1.009) |
| 5–9.9 km | 1.010 (1.001 to 1.019) | |
| 10–14.9 km | 1.017 (1.002 to 1.032) | |
| Traffic accidents‡ | ||
| Injuries | Travel by bicycle vs car | 13.33 (–) |
↵* Estimates ‘with adjustment for measurement error’ from WHO: comparative quantification of health risks.1
↵† Estimates from Pope et al,14 used in WHO: comparative quantification of health risks. Transformed to fit the exposure of the study population.
↵‡ Estimates calculated for the study population.