Adjusted HRs with 95% CIs for any CVD, any acidosis/serious infection and all-cause mortality in subgroups of patients with different eGFR intervals
| 30≤ eGFR <45 | 45≤ eGFR <60 | eGFR ≥60 | All patients | ||||||||
| N (% of total) | Events (% of total) | HR (95 % CI) | N (% of total) | Events (% of total) | HR (95 % CI) | N (% of total) | Events (% of total) | HR (95 % CI) | N | Events | |
| Any CVD | |||||||||||
| Metformin | 670 (35.4) | 210 (30.7) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.19) | 3839 (57.7) | 849 (51.2) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 27 083 (67.3) | 3698 (63.4) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 31 628 | 4774 |
| Insulin | 1180 (62.3) | 474 (69.2) | 1.30 (1.02 to 1.64)* | 3201 (48.1) | 930 (56.1) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.42)** | 16 718 (41.5) | 2853 (48.9) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.27)*** | 21 503 | 4476 |
| Other OHA | 702 (37.1) | 241 (35.2) | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.26) | 2450 (36.8) | 608 (36.7) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 13 552 (33.7) | 2065 (35.4) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.09) | 16 817 | 2965 |
| Total in group | 1894 | 685 | 6655 | 1657 | 40 239 | 5829 | |||||
| Any acidosis/serious infection | |||||||||||
| Metformin | 692 (33.9) | 143 (28.4) | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.21) | 4000 (57.5) | 557 (49.4) | 0.85 (0.74 to 0.97)* | 27 618 (67.3) | 2444 (60.6) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98)* | 32 345 | 3155 |
| Insulin | 1302 (63.7) | 366 (72.6) | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.76)* | 3406 (48.9) | 652 (57.9) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | 17 152 (41.8) | 2057 (51) | 1.22 (1.12 to 1.32)*** | 22 310 | 3260 |
| Other OHA | 738 (36.1) | 166 (32.9) | † | 2555 (36.7) | 379 (33.6) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.00) | 13 852 (33.7) | 1375 (34.1) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 17 265 | 1960 |
| Total in group | 2044 | 504 | 6960 | 1127 | 41 048 | 4034 | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||
| Metformin | 715 (33.3) | 179 (27) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | 4079 (56.8) | 558 (46.5) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.99)* | 28 015 (67.1) | 2120 (56.9) | 0.87 (0.81 to 0.94)*** | 32 848 | 2873 |
| Insulin | 1386 (64.6) | 468 (70.5) | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.47) | 3550 (49.5) | 701 (58.4) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.31) | 17 565 (42.1) | 1921 (51.5) | 1.29 (1.19 to 1.41)*** | 23 000 | 3328 |
| Other OHA | 766 (35.7) | 222 (33.4) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.19) | 2626 (36.6) | 429 (35.7) | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.11) | 14 049 (33.6) | 1375 (36.9) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19)* | 17 578 | 2087 |
| Total in group | 2146 | 664 | 7177 | 1201 | 41 756 | 3729 | |||||
HR associated with the examined agent in any combination is given with any other glucose-lowering treatment as reference. Adjustments were made for age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, eGFR, multidose dispensation, previous hospitalisation, history of CVD and congestive heart failure, microalbuminuria, and treatment with antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents and cardiac glycosides.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
↵† Non-proportional hazards, group excluded from analysis.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agents.