Exercise intensity |
Skill practice (METs) | <3 | <3 | <3 | <3 |
Playing sports (METs) | 2.6–8.8 | 2.6–8.8 | 2.6–8.8 | 2.6–8.8 |
Ear temperature |
Pre-exercise (°C) | 36.52±0.33 | 36.46±0.39 | 36.48±0.37 | 34.70–37.80 |
Post-exercise (°C) | 37.17±0.39* | 37.13±0.44* | 37.14±0.42 | 36.10–38.70 |
Mean difference (°C) | 0.65±0.42 | 0.67±0.40 | 0.66±0.41 | 0–3 |
Number of students whose BT ≥38°C | n=7 | n=13 | n=20 | |
Cardiovascular responses |
Systolic blood pressure |
Pre-exercise (mm Hg) | 103.67±14.37 | 106.88±15.14 | 105.65±14.92 | 56–159 |
Post-exercise (mm Hg) | 122.05±13.35 | 122.86±13.55 | 122.55±13.47 | 80–168 |
% Change | 19.67±19.61* | 16.43±15.70* | 17.67±17.35 | 0–98.61 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
Pre-exercise (mm Hg) | 63.08±9.69 | 63.67±11.60 | 63.45±10.91 | 30–109 |
Post-exercise (mm Hg) | 77.19±13.84 | 77.12±13.08 | 77.15±13.36 | 41–130 |
% Change | 24.39±27.80* | 23.17±21.64* | 23.64±24.16 | 12.12–210 |
Mean arterial pressure |
Pre-exercise (mm Hg) | 76.61±9.49 | 78.08±10.99 | 77.51±10.46 | 43.33–119.33 |
Post-exercise (mm Hg) | 92.14±11.26 | 92.36±11.67 | 92.28±11.50 | 54–141 |
% Change | 21.34±16.17* | 19.43±14.78* | 20.16±15.34 | 0–99.34 |
Heart rate |
Pre-exercise (beats/min) | 91.30±13.40 | 90.08±15.03 | 90.55±14.42 | 45–136 |
Post-exercise (beats/min) | 111.04±14.16 | 110.19±15.27 | 110.52±14.84 | 70–153 |
% Change | 23.12±17.14* | 24.45±21.27* | 23.94±19.78 | 4.17–138.78 |
Hydration status |
Sweat rate (ml/h) | 451.42±224.76 | 353.77±147.14† | 391.16±186.75 | 0–1480.31 |
Urine output (ml) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
% Loss of body weight | 0.52±0.23 | 0.70±0.25† | 0.63±0.26 | 0–2.10 |
Number of students who consumed water | n=17 | n=1 | n=18 | |
Climatic condition |
WBGT (°C) | 29.95±1.87 | 28.32±2.39† | 28.87±2.35 | 23.68–33.85 |
Air temperature (°C) | 34.14±2.59 | 33.27±2.49 | 33.56±2.55 | 28.20–39.77 |
Relative humidity (%) | 58.74±7.70 | 51.79±7.32† | 54.15±8.12 | 36.04–73.87 |