Details of mortality outcomes included in the model
| Outcome (ICD-10 codes) | Total deaths, England 2006 | Deaths <75 years, England 2006, n (%) | Meta-analysis details | Nature of risk relationship |
| Coronary Heart Disease (I20–25) | 76 806 | 24 364 (31.7) | 31 Cohort studies,11 total 1 925 106 subjects. Adjusted for up to 18 confounders by study. 23 Studies adjusted for smoking. | Protective at all levels of consumption |
| Stroke (I60–69) | 45 219 | 7966 (17.6) | 10 Cohort studies,11 total 723 571 subjects. Adjusted for up to 18 confounders by study. 8 Studies adjusted for smoking. | ‘U’ or ‘J’ shaped: protection only at low-to-moderate consumption |
| Hypertensive disease (I10–15) | 3742 | 995 (26.6) | 12 Cohort studies,16 27 603 cases. Adjusted for age, BMI and up to 5 others by study. 4 Studies adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Diabetes (E11, E14) | 4831 | 1450 (30.0) | 15 Cohort studies,12 11 959 cases among 369 862 subjects. Adjusted for up to 14 confounders by study. 8 Studies adjusted for smoking. | Protective ‘U’ shaped: greatest protection at low-to-moderate consumption |
| Epilepsy (G40–41) | 932 | 715 (76.7) | 4 Case–control studies,17 698 cases, 1162 controls. Not adjusted for smoking. Other adjustments varied by study. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Liver cirrhosis (K70, K74) | 5783 | 5137 (88.8) | 13 Cohort and case–control studies,18 2383 cases among 1 469 323 subjects. Adjusted for age and gender plus others by study. 11 Studies adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Cancer | ||||
| Liver (C22) | 2486 | 1305 (52.5) | WCRF/AICR 6 cohort studies.8 Adjustment varied by study. 4 adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Mouth, larynx, pharynx (C00–14) | 1572 | 1033 (65.7) | WCRF/AICR 2 cohort studies.8 Adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Oesophagus (C15) | 6068 | 3104 (51.2) | WCRF/AICR 20 case–control studies.8 Adjustment varied by study. All adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Breast (C50) | 10 302 | 5644 (54.8) | WCRF/AICR 9 cohort studies.8 Adjustment varied by study (including age and reproductive factors). Not adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
| Colorectum (C18–20) | 12 876 | 5587 (43.4) | WCRF/AICR 9 cohort studies.8 Adjustments varied by study. 6 Adjusted for smoking. | Dose–response increased risk |
BMI, body mass index.