Demographic and clinical features of cohort
| Digoxin non-use | Standardised difference | Digoxin use | Standardised difference | Standardised difference of differences | |||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||
| Total (N) | 17 707 | 19 227 | 9487 | 10 808 | |||
| Baseline demographics | |||||||
| Age <50 | 3% | 2% | 0.08 | 2% | 1% | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Age 50–64 | 16% | 8% | 0.25 | 15% | 5% | 0.31 | 0.02 |
| Age 65–74 | 28% | 22% | 0.15 | 30% | 19% | 0.25 | 0.07 |
| Age >74 | 52% | 68% | 0.33 | 54% | 75% | 0.45 | 0.08 |
| Baseline medical history | |||||||
| History of MI | 28% | 15% | 0.33 | 22% | 12% | 0.28 | 0.05 |
| History of stroke | 14% | 13% | 0.04 | 14% | 14% | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| History of diabetes | 20% | 15% | 0.12 | 16% | 13% | 0.10 | 0.02 |
| History of hypertension | 44% | 49% | 0.10 | 41% | 45% | 0.09 | 0.01 |
| History of COPD | 14% | 11% | 0.11 | 13% | 8% | 0.16 | 0.02 |
| History of fracture | 7% | 12% | 0.19 | 6% | 11% | 0.18 | 0.01 |
| History of pneumonia | 4% | 3% | 0.02 | 4% | 3% | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 10% | 8% | 0.09 | 41% | 41% | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Baseline drug use | |||||||
| Statin user | 25% | 16% | 0.23 | 15% | 10% | 0.18 | 0.06 |
| Loop diuretic user | 53% | 56% | 0.06 | 59% | 58% | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Aspirin user | 42% | 32% | 0.21 | 35% | 30% | 0.11 | 0.08 |
| Oral anticoagulant user | 9% | 5% | 0.15 | 24% | 18% | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| Nitrate user | 31% | 24% | 0.15 | 26% | 20% | 0.13 | 0.02 |
| K-Sparing diuretic user | 20% | 25% | 0.13 | 24% | 29% | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Spironolactone user | 5% | 4% | 0.04 | 6% | 5% | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| β Blocker user | 26% | 22% | 0.10 | 19% | 18% | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| ACE user | 36% | 28% | 0.18 | 35% | 27% | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| ARB user | 6% | 6% | 0.02 | 5% | 5% | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Thiazide user | 16% | 23% | 0.18 | 16% | 22% | 0.16 | 0.02 |
| CCB user | 27% | 24% | 0.08 | 23% | 21% | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Laboratory data and vital signs | |||||||
| BMI | |||||||
| % with data | 36% | 27% | 0.20 | 32% | 24% | 0.19 | 0.01 |
| BMI <18 | 1% | 3% | 0.16 | 1% | 4% | 0.21 | 0.05 |
| BMI 18–25 | 27% | 30% | 0.07 | 31% | 37% | 0.13 | 0.05 |
| BMI 25–30 | 41% | 31% | 0.22 | 41% | 31% | 0.21 | 0.00 |
| BMI 30–35 | 22% | 20% | 0.03 | 19% | 16% | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| BMI >35 | 10% | 16% | 0.18 | 9% | 12% | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Creatinine | |||||||
| % with data | 40% | 33% | 0.14 | 33% | 29% | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| Cr >150 | 16% | 8% | 0.23 | 14% | 7% | 0.23 | 0.01 |
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| % with data | 71% | 65% | 0.12 | 66% | 61% | 0.10 | 0.02 |
| SBP >140 | 50% | 60% | 0.21 | 47% | 58% | 0.22 | 0.01 |
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; MI, myocardial infarction; SBP, systolic blood pressure.