Adjusted RR (95% CI) ratios in high SES and low SES households
| Infant mortality | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | Diarrhoea | Moderate anaemia | |||||||
| High SES | Low SES | High SES | Low SES | High SES | Low SES | High SES | Low SES | High SES | Low SES | High SES | Low SES | |
| Prevalence (weighted %) | 2.99 | 10.4 | 18.6 | 54.2 | 7.92 | 33.6 | 4.46 | 11.7 | 11 | 15.4 | 21.4 | 42.2 |
| Age band in years of the mother at first birth | ||||||||||||
| 27–29 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12–14 | 1.757 (1.015 to 3.040) | 1.747 (1.338 to 2.283) | 1.899 (1.473 to 2.449) | 1.244 (1.118 to 1.385) | 1.750 (1.169 to 2.619) | 1.167 (1.004 to 1.355) | 0.875 (0.358 to 2.140) | 1.062 (0.776 to 1.452) | 1.792 (1.229 to 2.612) | 1.342 (1.057 to 1.702) | 0.388 (0.108 to 1.400) | 1.438 (1.047 to 1.974) |
| 15–17 | 1.297 (0.984 to 1.710) | 1.315 (1.029 to 1.681) | 1.474 (1.313 to 1.655) | 1.143 (1.040 to 1.257) | 1.377 (1.147 to 1.654) | 1.066 (0.935 to 1.215) | 1.234 (0.950 to 1.602) | 0.968 (0.744 to 1.258) | 1.377 (1.172 to 1.618) | 1.181 (0.964 to 1.446) | 1.234 (1.001 to 1.521) | 1.504 (1.144 to 1.978) |
| 18–20 | 1.087 (0.846 to 1.398) | 1.104 (0.865 to 1.409) | 1.308 (1.179 to 1.452) | 1.085 (0.987 to 1.192) | 1.260 (1.071 to 1.482) | 0.984 (0.863 to 1.121) | 1.181 (0.951 to 1.467) | 0.964 (0.743 to 1.250) | 1.395 (1.214 to 1.603) | 1.107 (0.905 to 1.354) | 1.154 (0.964 to 1.381) | 1.433 (1.092 to 1.880) |
| 21–23 | 1.020 (0.800 to 1.300) | 1.016 (0.790 to 1.307) | 1.221 (1.102 to 1.352) | 1.065 (0.968 to 1.171) | 1.156 (0.985 to 1.357) | 0.948 (0.830 to 1.084) | 1.198 (0.976 to 1.472) | 0.990 (0.759 to 1.292) | 1.318 (1.152 to 1.508) | 1.126 (0.917 to 1.382) | 1.203 (1.008 to 1.437) | 1.500 (1.141 to 1.972) |
| 24–26 | 1.015 (0.783 to 1.315) | 1.116 (0.848 to 1.470) | 1.083 (0.972 to 1.208) | 0.989 (0.890 to 1.100) | 1.028 (0.871 to 1.215) | 0.941 (0.811 to 1.091) | 1.207 (0.979 to 1.489) | 1.076 (0.811 to 1.428) | 1.206 (1.048 to 1.388) | 1.139 (0.911 to 1.425) | 1.105 (0.925 to 1.320) | 1.424 (1.066 to 1.901) |
| 30–32 | 1.647 (1.183 to 2.291) | 0.710 (0.414 to 1.216) | 0.918 (0.771 to 1.093) | 0.911 (0.760 to 1.093) | 0.875 (0.666 to 1.150) | 0.827 (0.624 to 1.097) | 0.971 (0.697 to 1.351) | 0.832 (0.488 to 1.418) | 0.940 (0.757 to 1.167) | 1.111 (0.777 to 1.590) | 1.151 (0.886 to 1.496) | 1.270 (0.820 to 1.966) |
| 33–35 | 1.407 (0.846 to 2.341) | 0.956 (0.525 to 1.740) | 1.049 (0.822 to 1.338) | 1.222 (1.013 to 1.473) | 0.743 (0.471 to 1.170) | 0.860 (0.594 to 1.245) | 1.128 (0.713 to 1.785) | 0.650 (0.287 to 1.473) | 0.769 (0.555 to 1.065) | 0.821 (0.488 to 1.379) | 1.036 (0.686 to 1.565) | 1.438 (0.826 to 2.502) |
| Sex of child | ||||||||||||
| Male (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.700 (0.627 to 0.782) | 0.829 (0.781 to 0.881) | 0.850 (0.814 to 0.888) | 0.929 (0.908 to 0.951) | 0.911 (0.850 to 0.977) | 0.921 (0.890 to 0.954) | 0.886 (0.802 to 0.979) | 0.843 (0.786 to 0.905) | 0.913 (0.859 to 0.969) | 0.959 (0.910 to 1.011) | 0.942 (0.868 to 1.021) | 0.963 (0.910 to 1.019) |
| Type of birth | ||||||||||||
| Singleton (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Twin | 5.439 (4.278 to 6.916) | 4.557 (3.932 to 5.281) | 1.212 (0.991 to 1.482) | 1.271 (1.111 to 1.454) | 1.704 (1.290 to 2.251) | 1.448 (1.179 to 1.778) | 1.365 (0.898 to 2.074) | 1.392 (0.917 to 2.112) | 0.768 (0.533 to 1.106) | 1.015 (0.716 to 1.437) | 1.061 (0.733 to 1.534) | 1.183 (0.860 to 1.627) |
| Age of child in months | ||||||||||||
| Age 48–59 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 36–47 | 1.239 (1.145 to 1.341) | 1.118 (1.076 to 1.162) | 1.037 (0.919 to 1.170) | 1.037 (0.976 to 1.102) | 0.877 (0.741 to 1.039) | 0.994 (0.868 to 1.138) | 1.410 (1.229 to 1.617) | 1.453 (1.289 to 1.638) | 1.258 (1.064 to 1.487) | 1.219 (1.095 to 1.357) | ||
| 24–35 | 1.415 (1.310 to 1.528) | 1.172 (1.129 to 1.216) | 1.182 (1.049 to 1.331) | 1.142 (1.077 to 1.211) | 0.956 (0.806 to 1.133) | 1.236 (1.086 to 1.408) | 2.466 (2.174 to 2.796) | 2.507 (2.246 to 2.799) | 1.763 (1.493 to 2.081) | 1.469 (1.319 to 1.637) | ||
| 12–23 | 1.392 (1.287 to 1.506) | 1.081 (1.040 to 1.124) | 1.107 (0.977 to 1.254) | 1.151 (1.084 to 1.222) | 1.156 (0.974 to 1.371) | 1.853 (1.632 to 2.104) | 3.891 (3.449 to 4.389) | 3.720 (3.347 to 4.135) | 2.585 (2.163 to 3.090) | 1.927 (1.727 to 2.149) | ||
| Educational level of the mother at time of interview | ||||||||||||
| Secondary or higher (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Completed primary | 1.220 (1.049 to 1.420) | 1.266 (1.191 to 1.346) | 1.208 (1.101 to 1.325) | 1.103 (0.969 to 1.255) | 1.177 (1.085 to 1.277) | 1.099 (0.987 to 1.223) | ||||||
| Mother has a partner | ||||||||||||
| Omitted category: yes | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.012 (0.811 to 1.263) | 0.960 (0.739 to 1.246) | 1.215 (1.108 to 1.332) | 1.038 (0.949 to 1.135) | 1.333 (1.127 to 1.577) | 1.180 (1.012 to 1.377) | 1.249 (0.985 to 1.583) | 1.608 (1.179 to 2.193) | 1.038 (0.926 to 1.163) | 1.223 (1.030 to 1.451) | 1.100 (0.930 to 1.301) | 1.063 (0.814 to 1.388) |
| Educational level of the mother's partner at the time of interview | ||||||||||||
| Secondary or higher (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Completed primary | 1.046 (0.911 to 1.201) | 1.100 (0.902 to 1.341) | 1.115 (1.052 to 1.182) | 0.997 (0.926 to 1.074) | 1.137 (1.041 to 1.242) | 1.056 (0.940 to 1.187) | 0.910 (0.807 to 1.027) | 1.266 (0.994 to 1.613) | 1.071 (0.989 to 1.159) | 0.989 (0.852 to 1.148) | 1.087 (0.979 to 1.208) | 0.987 (0.782 to 1.246) |
| No education or incomplete primary | 1.303 (1.059 to 1.602) | 1.277 (1.059 to 1.540) | 1.206 (1.109 to 1.312) | 1.039 (0.968 to 1.116) | 1.381 (1.218 to 1.566) | 1.224 (1.094 to 1.370) | 1.180 (0.981 to 1.420) | 1.452 (1.149 to 1.834) | 1.209 (1.069 to 1.368) | 1.002 (0.869 to 1.156) | 1.221 (1.043 to 1.428) | 0.974 (0.777 to 1.222) |
| Age band in years of the mother's partner at the mother's first birth | ||||||||||||
| 24–29 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12–17 | 1.284 (0.668 to 2.470) | 1.528 (1.261 to 1.851) | 1.010 (0.697 to 1.466) | 1.087 (0.996 to 1.186) | 1.106 (0.627 to 1.952) | 1.085 (0.937 to 1.256) | 0.551 (0.141 to 2.147) | 0.959 (0.672 to 1.368) | 1.206 (0.847 to 1.715) | 1.091 (0.883 to 1.349) | 1.124 (0.664 to 1.901) | 1.005 (0.785 to 1.285) |
| 18–23 | 1.122 (0.948 to 1.327) | 1.090 (1.008 to 1.178) | 1.141 (1.070 to 1.217) | 1.036 (1.006 to 1.068) | 1.072 (0.970 to 1.186) | 1.015 (0.970 to 1.063) | 1.028 (0.872 to 1.211) | 0.977 (0.889 to 1.073) | 0.967 (0.881 to 1.061) | 1.076 (1.006 to 1.149) | 1.069 (0.954 to 1.198) | 1.061 (0.989 to 1.138) |
| 30–35 | 0.907 (0.770 to 1.069) | 0.970 (0.863 to 1.090) | 0.937 (0.875 to 1.004) | 0.964 (0.919 to 1.012) | 0.917 (0.825 to 1.019) | 0.960 (0.898 to 1.026) | 1.012 (0.880 to 1.163) | 0.878 (0.767 to 1.004) | 0.911 (0.831 to 1.000) | 0.990 (0.895 to 1.094) | 0.892 (0.795 to 1.000) | 1.122 (1.027 to 1.226) |
| 36–41 | 0.784 (0.587 to 1.048) | 0.950 (0.797 to 1.132) | 0.962 (0.852 to 1.086) | 1.030 (0.963 to 1.101) | 0.760 (0.614 to 0.940) | 0.970 (0.880 to 1.069) | 1.070 (0.842 to 1.360) | 0.851 (0.701 to 1.034) | 0.994 (0.851 to 1.160) | 0.993 (0.855 to 1.152) | 0.876 (0.715 to 1.074) | 1.180 (1.044 to 1.334) |
| 42–59 | 0.698 (0.413 to 1.178) | 1.100 (0.912 to 1.327) | 1.106 (0.907 to 1.349) | 1.054 (0.973 to 1.141) | 1.119 (0.807 to 1.550) | 0.960 (0.854 to 1.079) | 1.388 (0.940 to 2.052) | 0.885 (0.711 to 1.103) | 0.949 (0.731 to 1.233) | 1.078 (0.909 to 1.280) | 0.910 (0.656 to 1.263) | 1.012 (0.869 to 1.178) |
| Wealth quintile of the child's household | ||||||||||||
| Richest (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Rich | 1.267 (1.111 to 1.445) | 1.223 (1.161 to 1.290) | 1.288 (1.187 to 1.398) | 1.045 (0.926 to 1.180) | 1.143 (1.065 to 1.226) | 1.121 (1.023 to 1.228) | ||||||
| Middle | ||||||||||||
| Poorer | 0.996 (0.938 to 1.057) | 0.936 (0.913 to 0.959) | 0.923 (0.891 to 0.956) | 0.937 (0.870 to 1.008) | 0.957 (0.905 to 1.012) | 0.977 (0.922 to 1.037) | ||||||
| Poorest (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Water piped to the child's house | ||||||||||||
| Piped to house (reference) | ||||||||||||
| Water not piped to house | 1.066 (0.924 to 1.229) | 1.138 (1.017 to 1.273) | 0.936 (0.883 to 0.993) | 0.964 (0.925 to 1.004) | 1.001 (0.919 to 1.089) | 1.066 (0.995 to 1.142) | 0.991 (0.874 to 1.123) | 1.163 (1.015 to 1.333) | 0.966 (0.884 to 1.055) | 1.065 (0.979 to 1.159) | 0.976 (0.886 to 1.076) | 1.028 (0.933 to 1.133) |
| Flush toilet at child's house | ||||||||||||
| Flush toilet at house (reference) | ||||||||||||
| No flush toilet at house | 0.948 (0.818 to 1.098) | 1.369 (1.075 to 1.745) | 1.158 (1.089 to 1.232) | 1.173 (1.064 to 1.294) | 1.082 (0.988 to 1.185) | 1.239 (1.037 to 1.481) | 1.011 (0.879 to 1.164) | 0.996 (0.753 to 1.318) | 1.088 (0.994 to 1.191) | 1.057 (0.889 to 1.257) | 0.984 (0.872 to 1.110) | 0.982 (0.797 to 1.209) |
| Child measles vaccination | ||||||||||||
| Not vaccinated | 1.653 (1.309 to 2.088) | 1.000 (0.905 to 1.106) | 1.190 (1.072 to 1.320) | 1.066 (1.022 to 1.111) | 1.211 (1.037 to 1.414) | 1.200 (1.130 to 1.275) | 1.229 (0.969 to 1.559) | 1.185 (1.050 to 1.337) | 1.045 (0.907 to 1.204) | 1.030 (0.940 to 1.129) | 1.299 (1.101 to 1.531) | 1.127 (1.035 to 1.228) |
| Observations | 40 299 | 38 612 | 28 797 | 23 657 | 29 345 | 24 846 | 28 783 | 24 251 | 32 809 | 27 435 | 8027 | 6026 |
High SES includes children who are in households that are in the rich or richest wealth quintiles, have mothers with completed primary school or higher, and live in an urban area. Low SES includes children who are in households that are in the poor and poorest wealth quintiles, have mothers with incomplete primary or no education, and live in a rural area.
SES, socioeconomic status.