Analyses of clinical variables for asymptomatic coronary heart disease
| Univariate analysis | |||
| Variable | Asymptomatic coronary heart disease (+) | Asymptomatic coronary heart disease (−) | p Value |
| 59 (53%) | 53 (47%) | ||
| Men | 51 (86%) | 26 (49%) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 62.4 (8.8) | 65.3 (7.7) | 0.07 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.3 (12.9) | 64.7 (12.7) | 0.79 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 (3.4) | 25.3 (4.6) | 0.08 |
| Waist (cm) | 90.0 (11.4) | 91.1 (11.9) | 0.60 |
| Current smoker | 26 (44%) | 10 (18%) | 0.004 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease | 22 (37%) | 21 (39%) | 0.80 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 16.7 (10.5) | 14.9 (10.0) | 0.34 |
| Age (years) at the time of diabetes diagnosis | 46.7 (12.2) | 51.4 (11.9) | 0.04 |
| Any diabetic retinopathy | 46 (78%) | 42 (79%) | 0.86 |
| Proliferative diabetic retinopathy or after photocoagulation | 36 (61%) | 34 (64%) | 0.73 |
| A1C (%) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.6) | 0.76 |
| Use of insulin | 33 (55%) | 21 (39%) | 0.08 |
| Hypertension | 46 (78%) | 40 (75%) | 0.75 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 45 (76%) | 39 (73%) | 0.74 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192.8 (38.4) | 196.0 (39.5) | 0.67 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 113.0 (36.6) | 120.0 (38.5) | 0.33 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50.7 (13.7) | 53.5 (15.7) | 0.32 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 151.5 (89.0) | 136.6 (82.3) | 0.36 |
| Low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.0) | 0.85 |
| Use of statin | 21 (35%) | 22 (41%) | 0.52 |
| Use of aspirin | 16 (27%) | 15 (28%) | 0.88 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.03 (0.60) | 0.87 (0.35) | 0.09 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 63.9 (20.7) | 65.2 (20.0) | 0.74 |
| <45 | 13 (22%) | 9 (17%) | 0.50 |
| <30 | 2 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 0.56 |
| Albuminuria ≥30 (mg/day or mg/g of creatinine) | 43 (76%) | 32 (62%) | 0.11 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/ml) | 20.7 (7.6 to 35.4) | 17.4 (9.5 to 42.9) | 0.99 |
| Rest ECG | |||
| Ischaemic findings on exercise stress ECG | 12 (41%) | 10 (35%) | 0.66 |
| Cardio thoracic ratio on chest x-ray (%) | 47.3 (4.4) | 48.8 (4.1) | 0.08 |
| Ankle–brachial index | 1.06 (0.20) | 1.06 (0.15) | 0.98 |
| Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (cm/s) | 1955.3 (306.4) | 2067.4 (448.7) | 0.14 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12 (22%) | 8 (16%) | 0.42 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 65.6 (9.1) | 69.0 (8.0) | 0.04 |
| Septal wall+posterior wall thickness (mm) | 20.8 (3.7) | 21.2 (3.0) | 0.55 |
| E/A ratio | 0.81 (0.16) | 0.71 (0.24) | 0.02 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 225.7 (58.2) | 247.5 (61.9) | 0.07 |
| E/E′ ratio | 10.8 (3.3) | 11.8 (3.2) | 0.15 |
| Abnormal wall motion | 4 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 0.47 |
| Ultrasound of carotid artery | |||
| Maximum carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 2.11 (1.30) | 1.41 (0.70) | 0.005 |
| ≥1.1 | 28 (75%) | 20 (55%) | 0.07 |
| Coronary artery calcium scores (Agatston units) | 349.8 (99.6 to 1229.1) | 133.2 (0.0 to 359.0) | 0.003 |
| Multivariate analysis | ||
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
| Men | 6.18 (2.30 to 16.64) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) | 0.07 |
| Body-mass index ≥25 | 0.49 (0.20 to 1.23) | 0.13 |
| Current smoking | 2.05 (0.75 to 5.54) | 0.15 |
| Hypertension | 1.26 (0.45 to 3.50) | 0.65 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2.16 (0.77 to 6.05) | 0.14 |
Data are number (%), mean (SD), median (IQR), OR, or 95% CI. To convert the values for cholesterol and triglycerides to millimoles per litre (mmol/l), multiply by 0.02586 and 0.01129, respectively.