Outcomes for days 1–3 (combined), day 1 and day 2
| Reiki group (n=40) | Control group (n=40) | Difference mean (95% CI) | Signficance§ p value | |
| Mean±SD† | Mean±SD† | |||
| Area Under the Curve Pain Scores (in movement)* | ||||
| Days 1–3 combined | 212.1±104.7 | 223.1±117.8 | –11 (–60.6 to 38.6) | 0.96 |
| Day 1 | 74.2±39.6 | 79.7±42.9 | –5.5 (–23.9 to 12.9) | 0.55 |
| Day 2 | 82.9±41.5 | 84.5±45.7 | –1.6 (–21.0 to 17.8) | 0.87 |
| Mean pain scores (cm) | ||||
| Days 1–3 (in movement) | 3.1±1.5 | 3.3±1.7 | –0.2 (–0.9 to 0.5) | 0.61 |
| Days 1–3 (in rest) (median, IQR)† | 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.1) | NA | 0.32* § |
| Pain medication consumption (mg of codeine equivalent/kg body weight¶) | ||||
| Day 1 (median, IQR) | 0.7 (0 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0 to 2.0) | NA | 0.35* § |
| Day 2 (median, IQR) | 0.5 (0 to 1.7) | 0.6 (0 to 1.5) | NA | 0.36* § |
| Days 1–3 (median, IQR) | 1.7 (0 to 3.12) | 1.7 (0 to 4.4) | NA | 0.87* § |
| Patients on opioids: no (%) | ||||
| Day 1 | 24 (60) | 26 (65) | NA | 0.56** § |
| Day 2 | 23 (58) | 21 (53) | NA | 0.56** § |
| No of adverse events to codeine | ||||
| Day 1 (median, IQR) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | NA | 0.36* § |
| Day 2 (median, IQR) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | NA | 0.84* § |
| Activity milestone (h) | ||||
| Time to first hunger | 15.5±18.9 | 10.9±13.0 | 4.6 (−2.6 to 11.8) | 0.15* § |
| Time to first eating solid food | 23.6±12.1 | 23.9±12.3 | −0.3 (−5.7 to 5.1) | 0.88 |
| Time to first flatus | 19.8±12.8 | 20.1±12.4 | −0.3 (−5.9 to 5.3) | 0.92 |
| Time to first bowel movement | 57.7±15.6 | 57.9±16.7 | −0.2 (−7.4 to 7.0) | 0.95 |
| Time to first spontaneous voiding | 17.0±5.5 | 17.7±5.0 | −0.7 (−3.0 to 1.6) | 0.60 |
| Time to first ambulation | 16.9±5.3 | 17.2±5.2 | −0.3 (−2.6 to 2.0) | 0.82 |
| Heart rate (per minute) | ||||
| Baseline—prior to surgery | 84.4±9.4 | 84.8±10.6 | −0.4 (−4.9 to 4.1) | 0.88 |
| Day 1 (4 h post surgery) | 74.3±8.1 | 79.8±7.9 | −5.5 (−9.1 to −1.9) | 0.003‡ |
| Difference between baseline and day 1 (4 h post) | 10±11.3 | 4.9±11.5 | 5.1 (0.1 to 10.2) | 0.04‡ |
| Day 1—20:00 | 79.0±7.8 | 79.6±7.7 | −0.6 (−4.0 to 2.8) | 0.72 |
| Day 2—08:00 | 80.5±8.1 | 80.8±7.8 | −0.3 (−3.8 to 3.2) | 0.84 |
| Day 2—20:00 | 81.3±7.0 | 80.8±6.1 | 0.5 (−2.4 to 3.4) | 0.73 |
| Day 3—08:00 | 76.5±8.7 | 77.6±8.0 | −1.1 (−4.8 to 2.6) | 0.54 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Baseline—prior to surgery | 71.2±8.6 | 71.3±9.6 | −0.1 (−4.2 to 4.0) | 0.94 |
| Day 1 (4 h post surgery) | 66.9±8.2 | 67.3±8.2 | −0.4 (−4.0 to 3.2) | 0.82 |
| Day 1—20:00 | 65.8±6.9 | 65.9±8.9 | −0.1 (−3.6 to 3.4) | 0.94 |
| Day 2—08:00 | 64.5±7.2 | 65.8±8.3 | −1.3 (−4.8 to 2.2) | 0.43 |
| Day 2—20:00 | 66.8±8.6 | 64.6±7.1 | 2.2 (−1.3 to 5.7) | 0.21 |
| Day 3—08:00 | 64.9±7.6 | 67.7±7.8 | −2.8 (−6.2 to 0.6) | 0.09 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Baseline—prior to surgery | 120.1±11.7 | 118.1±15.7 | 2 (−4.2 to 8.2) | 0.52 |
| Day 1 (4 h post surgery) | 107.8±10.9 | 109.4±12.1 | −1.6 (−6.7 to 3.5) | 0.54 |
| Day 1—20:00 | 107.8±9.7 | 107.3±12.9 | 0.5 (−4.6 to 5.6) | 0.85 |
| Day 2—08:00 | 104.0±10.3 | 106.9±10.3 | –2.9 (−7.5 to 1.7) | 0.21 |
| Day 2—20:00 | 110.3±11.3 | 106.0±10.8 | 4.3 (−0.6 to 9.2) | 0.08 |
| Day 3—08:00 | 106.4±9.7 | 111.9±11.0 | −5.5 (−10.1 to −0.9) | 0.02‡ |
| Difference: baseline to day 3 at 08:00 | 13.7±14.4 | 6.2±13.3 | 7.5 (1.3 to 13.7) | 0.02‡ |
* Area Under the Curve pain scores were calculated by taking the trapezoidal area after measuring pain scores from the VAS 10.0 cm scale.
† Values are means±SD unless otherwise noted. Values were calculated based on 40 participants in each group.
‡ Signficance defined as p<0.05.
§ Significance tests measured using Student t test unless noted: Mann–Whitney test (*) or Fisher exact test (**).
¶ Opioid conversion described in Methodology section.
NA, not applicable to median and IQR.