Table 2

Associations between predisposing, enabling and need factors and parental help-seeking in the past 12 months for the 3-year-old child (n=1507)

	Multivariate
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	Predisposing variables		Plus enabling variables		Plus need variables
Block statistics	χ²=22.38		χ²=16.79		χ²=107.09
Block statistics	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Predisposing factors
Child gender
Boys	Ref		Ref		Ref
Girls	0.93	0.73 to 1.19	0.93	0.73 to 1.19	0.98	0.75 to 1.27
Child ethnic background
Dutch	Ref		Ref		Ref
Other western	1.73*	1.10 to 2.71	1.66*	1.05 to 2.60	1.66*	1.02 to 2.68
Non-western	1.51*	1.05 to 2.18	1.20	0.81 to 1.78	1.18	0.77 to 1.79
Parental age in year
≥40	Ref		Ref		Ref
30–39	1.56	0.99 to 2.46	1.57	1.00 to 2.46	1.45	0.90 to 2.32
≤29	2.28**	1.38 to 3.77	1.96*	1.17 to 3.27	1.71*	1.01 to 2.92
Enabling factors
Parental educational level
High			Ref		Ref
Middle			1.36*	1.04 to 1.79	1.30	0.97 to 1.74
Low			1.12	0.67 to 1.89	1.10	0.63 to 1.90
Parental work status
Employed			Ref		Ref
Unemployed			1.47^*	1.07 to 2.02	1.28	0.91 to 1.80
Family composition
Two-parent family			Ref		Ref
Single-parent family			1.51	0.95 to 2.41	1.31	0.80 to 2.15
Need factors
BITSEA Problem scale score
No risk					Ref
At risk					1.20	0.72 to 1.99
BITSEA Competence scale score
No risk					Ref
At risk					1.18	0.78 to 1.79
Stressful life events
No					Ref
Yes					1.29	0.98 to 1.68
General health of the child*
Good					Ref
Poor					1.16	0.73 to 1.85
Parental satisfaction of child’s development†
Yes					Ref
No					1.35	0.75 to 2.45
Previous help-seeking
No					Ref
Yes					2.52***	1.83 to 3.48
Discussion of child socio-emotional development in the well-child visit
No					Ref
Yes					2.47***	1.73 to 3.53

Model 1: The model with predisposing factors as independent variables.
Model 2: The model with predisposing and enabling factors as independent variables.
Model 3: The full model with predisposing, enabling, and need factors as independent variables.
*p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001.
*General health of the child was measured by the 4-item subscale General Health of the Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire (47 items).
†Parental satisfaction of child’s development was measured by the 5-item subscale Satisfaction of Child’s Development of the Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire (47 items).
BITSEA, Brief Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment; χ², model chi-square for each block of variables, all significant at p<0.05.