Associations between letter-ID score, visual acuity (better eye), maternal and early-life factors
| Factor | Unadjusted model (95% CI) | P values | Fully adjusted model (95% CI) | P values |
| Constant | 18.82 (17.91 to 19.73) | <0.001 | −20.6 (−28.2 to −13.0) | <0.001 |
| Age | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.38) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.19 to 1.37) | <0.001 |
| Age squared | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.02) | <0.001 | −0.020 (−0.022 to −0.017) | <0.001 |
| Visual acuity: change in letter-ID | −0.90 (−1.15 to −0.64) | <0.001 | −0.327 (−0.540 to −0.115) | 0.003 |
| Per 0.1 log unit (one line) | ||||
| Letter-ID baseline (year 1) | 0.348 (0.326 to 0.371) | <0.001 | ||
| BPVS | 0.019 (−0.001 to 0.039) | 0.064 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Pakistani heritage | 0.668 (−0.016 to 1.353) | 0.056 | ||
| Other | 1.174 (1.159 to 2.189) | 0.023 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 0.471 (−0.093 to 1.035) | 0.102 | ||
| Birth weight (per 100 g) | 0.074 (0.008 to 0.141) | 0.029 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | −0.053 (−0.257 to 0.151) | 0.611 | ||
| Receiving benefits | −0.086 (−0.661 to 0.4990) | 0.770 | ||
| Mothers level of education | (higher than A-level) | 0.765 (0.156 to 1.374) | 0.014 | |
| Mothers age at birth (years) | −0.048 (−0.100 to 0.005) | 0.075 |
BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (baseline standardised score); ID, identification.