Sensitivity analysis: cost-effectiveness of HPV-VIA versus VIA*
| Discounted cost per woman | Discounted life expectancy† (years) | ICER (US$/YLS) | Relative cervical cancer risk reduction (%) | Absolute lifetime cervical cancer risk (%) | |
| No screening | US$9.19 (8.14–10.45) | 26.2445 (26.2134–26.2737) | – | – | 4.2 (3.8–4.7) |
| VIA 1x | US$13.88 (12.84–15.06) | 26.2602 (26.2315–26.2883) | DOM | 7.2 (6.3–8.2) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) |
| HPV-VIA 1x | US$13.99 (12.90–15.12) | 26.2618 (26.2334–26.2898) | 280 (230–320) | 7.6 (6.7–8.7) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) |
| VIA 3x | US$23.77 (22.77–24.83) | 26.2827 (26.2575–26.3086) | DOM | 16.9 (15.4–18.8) | 3.5 (3.1–3.9) |
| HPV-VIA 3x | US$23.94 (22.84–25.10) | 26.2860 (26.2612–26.3117) | 410 (360–480) | 18.4 (16.7–20.5) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) |
| VIA 5x | US$33.52 (32.58–34.49) | 26.2993 (26.2763–26.3235) | DOM | 24.2 (22.0–26.4) | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) |
| HPV-VIA 5x | US$33.85 (32.72–34.85) | 26.3033 (26.2812–26.3272) | 570 (490–640) | 26.1 (23.9–28.5) | 3.1 (2.7–3.4) |
1x: screening at age 39 years; 3x: screening at ages 30, 40 and 50 years; 5x: screening at ages 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 years; HPV-VIA: HPV with VIA triage; VIA: VIA screen and treat. DOM: more costly or higher ICER than equally or more effective strategies; incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): expressed in 2014 US$ per year of life saved (YLS); relative cancer reduction is the lifetime reduction relative to no screening.
*Values indicate the mean results across the top 50 top-fitting parameter sets. The minimum and maximum values across these 50 parameter sets are shown in parentheses.
†Discounted life expectancy is after age 9, the age at which women enter the model.
DOM, dominated strategy; ICER, incremental cost- effectiveness ratio; VIA, visual inspection with acetic acid; YLS, year of life saved.