Table 3

Logistic regression model results for the assessment of mental health problem differences between Regular Force and Reserve Force personnel

Any mental disorder*Any anxiety disorder†AUD‡Suicide ideationMDEGADPTSDPDAlcohol abuseAlcohol dependence
Model 1: unadjusted (OR (95%  CI))
 ResF vs RegF1.02
(0.89 to 1.16)		0.83§
(0.71 to 0.98)		1.84§
(1.45 to 2.35)		1.27§
(1.01 to 1.60)		0.90
(0.75 to 1.08)		0.68§
(0.53 to 0.86)		0.86
(0.71 to 1.05)		0.81¶
(0.63 to 1.04)		1.96§
(1.43 to 2.69)		1.63§
(1.12 to 2.36)
Model 2: adding covariates for military and sociodemographic characteristics (AOR (95%  CI))
 ResF vs RegF0.98
(0.84 to 1.14)		0.85¶
(0.71 to 1.02)		1.62§
(1.21 to 2.16)		1.24
(0.95 to 1.61)		0.91
(0.74 to 1.11)		0.78¶
(0.60 to 1.02)		0.84
(0.67 to 1.07)		0.86
(0.66 to 1.12)		1.71§
(1.16 to 2.52)		1.48¶
(0.97 to 2.26)
Model 3: adding covariates for LTE and child abuse (as propensity score) (AOR (95%  CI))
 ResF vs RegF0.94
(0.81 to 1.10)		0.82§
(0.68 to 0.98)		1.47§
(1.09 to 1.98)		1.18
(0.91 to 1.54)		0.87
(0.71 to 1.06)		0.74§
(0.57 to 0.97)		0.80¶
(0.63 to 1.01)		0.81
(0.62 to 1.06)		1.60§
(1.07 to 2.38)		1.31
(0.85 to 2.02)
Model 4: adding covariates for deployment-associated mental health training (AOR (95%  CI))
 ResF vs RegF0.94
(0.80 to 1.09)		0.80§
(0.66 to 0.96)		1.48§
(1.10 to 2.00)		1.19
(0.92 to 1.55)		0.87
(0.71 to 1.06)		0.74§
(0.57 to 0.97)		0.79¶
(0.62 to 1.00)		0.78¶
(0.60 to 1.03)		1.62§
(1.09 to 2.42)		1.29
(0.82 to 2.02)
Model 5: adding covariates for deployment-related characteristics and experiences (AOR (95%  CI))
 ResF vs RegF0.84¶
(0.71 to 1.01)		0.72§
(0.58 to 0.90)		1.36¶
(0.97 to 1.91)		1.21
(0.90 to 1.62)		0.82¶
(0.65 to 1.04)		0.69§
(0.51 to 0.93)		0.77¶
(0.58 to 1.03)		0.70§
(0.51 to 0.96)		1.63§
(1.04 to 2.58)		1.06
(0.64 to 1.73)
Deployment-related characteristics
Other non-Afghanistan deployment
 Yes vs No0.76§
(0.62 to 0.92)		0.70§
(0.55 to 0.90)		0.69¶
(0.47 to 1.00)		0.85
(0.61 to 1.19)		0.76§
(0.58 to 0.99)		0.57§
(0.42 to 0.78)		0.69§
(0.51 to 0.93)		0.74
(0.50 to 1.10)		0.84
(0.51 to 1.39)		0.56¶
(0.32 to 1.00)
Time away in past 3  years (months)
 ≤6 0.56§
(0.41 to 0.75)		0.51§
(0.37 to 0.72)		1.14
(0.57 to 2.29)		0.60§
(0.36 to 0.99)		0.64§
(0.44 to 0.93)		0.45§
(0.28 to 0.70)		0.71
(0.46 to 1.08)		0.52§
(0.32 to 0.84)		1.74
(0.69 to 4.41)		0.61
(0.21 to 1.76)
 7–12 0.52§
(0.38 to 0.71)		0.45§
(0.31 to 0.65)		1.83¶
(0.92 to 3.64)		0.51§
(0.29 to 0.88)		0.50§
(0.33 to 0.75)		0.46§
(0.28 to 0.75)		0.57§
(0.36 to 0.92)		0.25§
(0.15 to 0.44)		2.98§
(1.20 to 7.40)		0.89
(0.32 to 2.44)
 13–24 0.54§
(0.39 to 0.74)		0.45§
(0.31 to 0.65)		1.58
(0.78 to 3.21)		0.54§
(0.32 to 0.91)		0.64§
(0.43 to 0.96)		0.52§
(0.32 to 0.85)		0.61§
(0.38 to 0.97)		0.40§
(0.24 to 0.68)		2.22
(0.85 to 5.82)		0.97
(0.35 to 2.66)
 25–36 0.51§
(0.33 to 0.79)		0.55
(0.34 to 0.89)		1.42
(0.58 to 3.46)		0.54
(0.26 to 1.13)		0.58¶
(0.33 to 1.02)		0.56¶
(0.30 to 1.07)		0.73
(0.39 to 1.36)		0.46§
(0.23 to 0.93)		1.38
(0.39 to 4.83)		1.19
(0.34 to 4.25)
 NoneReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Interval from last Afghanistan deployment to survey interview date (years)
 <4 1.24
(0.92 to 1.68)		1.37¶
(0.95 to 1.98)		0.89
(0.48 to 1.64)		1.78§
(1.01 to 3.14)		1.60§
(1.07 to 2.37)		1.45
(0.85 to 2.46)		1.73§
(1.10 to 2.74)		2.27§
(1.29 to 4.00)		0.69
(0.30 to 1.58)		1.34
(0.52 to 3.46)
 4 1.28
(0.94 to 1.76)		1.29
(0.89 to 1.86)		0.86
(0.47 to 1.57)		1.24
(0.68 to 2.23)		1.61§
(1.07 to 2.41)		1.74§
(1.06 to 2.86)		1.42
(0.88 to 2.29)		2.10§
(1.22 to 3.62)		0.77
(0.35 to 1.71)		1.08
(0.43 to 2.75)
 5 0.95
(0.71 to 1.27)		1.17
(0.84 to 1.63)		0.78
(0.42 to 1.45)		1.12
(0.65 to 1.93)		0.96
(0.65 to 1.42)		1.16
(0.71 to 1.88)		1.45¶
(0.94 to 2.25)		2.26§
(1.40 to 3.65)		0.80
(0.38 to 1.68)		0.87
(0.29 to 2.59)
 6 1.10
(0.79 to 1.53)		1.13
(0.76 to 1.66)		1.08
(0.56 to 2.08)		1.09
(0.59 to 2.01)		1.33
(0.86 to 2.04)		1.32
(0.78 to 2.25)		1.10
(0.68 to 1.80)		1.47
(0.82 to 2.63)		1.35
(0.60 to 3.04)		0.86
(0.28 to 2.68)
 ≥7 ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Total number of Afghanistan deployments
 ≥2 vs 11.08
(0.78 to 1.49)		1.02
(0.70 to 1.49)		0.88
(0.47 to 1.65)		1.43
(0.83 to 2.47)		1.14
(0.74 to 1.76)		0.81
(0.47 to 1.41)		1.16
(0.71 to 1.89)		0.67
(0.38 to 1.19)		1.05
(0.45 to 2.45)		0.56
(0.21 to 1.54)
Afghanistan deployment location
 Kabul0.75
(0.51 to 1.10)		0.72
(0.45 to 1.15)		0.43¶
(0.17 to 1.06)		0.57
(0.26 to 1.26)		0.92
(0.56 to 1.53)		0.79
(0.38 to 1.63)		0.67
(0.37 to 1.22)		0.52¶
(0.24 to 1.11)		0.31§
(0.10 to 0.99)		0.97
(0.23 to 4.17)
 Kandahar0.83
(0.59 to 1.17)		0.76
(0.50 to 1.15)		0.72
(0.28 to 1.82)		0.64
(0.32 to 1.28)		1.18
(0.75 to 1.86)		0.98
(0.52 to 1.85)		0.68
(0.39 to 1.20)		0.46§
(0.24 to 0.91)		0.36¶
(0.11 to 1.18)		2.76
(0.69 to 11.00)
 Multiple0.92
(0.61 to 1.37)		0.88
(0.54 to 1.43)		0.57
(0.21 to 1.57)		0.88
(0.43 to 1.83)		1.39
(0.82 to 2.38)		0.91
(0.43 to 1.90)		0.79
(0.41 to 1.50)		0.79
(0.36 to 1.75)		0.38
(0.11 to 1.33)		1.44
(0.27 to 7.73)
 Other Afghanistan relatedReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Cumulative duration of Afghanistan deployments (days)
 ≤120 ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 121–240 0.71§
(0.55 to 0.92)		0.79
(0.58 to 1.09)		1.19
(0.63 to 2.28)		0.74
(0.46 to 1.19)		0.73¶
(0.52 to 1.02)		0.66¶
(0.43 to 1.00)		0.85
(0.57 to 1.28)		0.99
(0.61 to 1.61)		1.25
(0.54 to 2.88)		1.23
(0.48 to 3.17)
 241–360 0.72¶
(0.50 to 1.03)		0.75
(0.48 to 1.17)		1.28
(0.59 to 2.76)		0.70
(0.39 to 1.289)		0.66¶
(0.40 to 1.07)		0.53¶
(0.28 to 1.01)		0.73
(0.41 to 1.30)		1.15
(0.57 to 2.29)		1.44
(0.51 to 4.03)		1.02
(0.29 to 3.57)
 ≥361 0.49§
(0.32 to 0.75)		0.52§
(0.31 to 0.88)		1.01
(0.40 to 2.53)		0.48§
(0.23 to 0.98)		0.53§
(0.30 to 0.92)		0.67
(0.33 to 1.37)		0.52¶
(0.27 to 1.01)		0.69
(0.31 to 1.56)		0.80
(0.23 to 2.78)		1.76
(0.47 to 6.58)
Deployment-related experiences
 DEX-1
 Yes vs No		1.19
(0.94 to 1.52)		1.44§
(1.06 to 1.97)		1.21
(0.76 to 1.92)		1.60§
(1.03 to 2.49)		1.23
(0.89 to 1.70)		1.28
(0.82 to 1.99)		1.47¶
(0.96 to 2.26)		2.30§
(1.32 to 4.03)		1.41
(0.82 to 2.44)		0.87
(0.43 to 1.78)
 DEX-2
 Yes vs No		1.47§
(1.21 to 1.78)		1.75§
(1.38 to 2.21)		1.23
(0.88 to 1.71)		1.81§
(1.28 to 2.56)		1.42§
(1.10 to 1.84)		1.36¶
(0.98 to 1.88)		2.07§
(1.53 to 2.81)		1.09
(0.76 to 1.58)		1.18
(0.80 to 1.74)		1.20
(0.71 to 2.03)
 DEX-3
 Yes vs No		1.72§
(1.44 to 2.06)		1.82§
(1.47 to 2.26)		1.51§
(1.08 to 2.11)		1.40§
(1.03 to 1.90)		1.33§
(1.05 to 1.68)		1.73§
(1.28 to 2.34)		2.09§
(1.59 to 2.75)		1.52§
(1.10 to 2.09)		1.40
(0.91 to 2.16)		1.69§
(1.02 to 2.78)
 DEX-4
 Yes vs No		1.35§
(1.11 to 1.64)		1.29§
(1.01 to 1.65)		0.96
(0.67 to 1.39)		0.85
(0.62 to 1.18)		1.39§
(1.08 to 1.79)		1.02
(0.74 to 1.42)		1.35§
(1.00 to 1.81)		1.53§
(1.02 to 2.30)		1.05
(0.64 to 1.72)		0.87
(0.50 to 1.52)
 DEX-5
 Yes vs No		1.10
(0.87 to 1.39)		1.12
(0.83 to 1.50)		1.53¶
(0.95 to 2.46		0.86
(0.57 to 1.32)		0.79
(0.59 to 1.08)		0.98
(0.65 to 1.49)		0.75
(0.51 to 1.10)		0.97
(0.61 to 1.56)		1.73¶
(0.98 to 3.05)		1.25
(0.60 to 2.61)
 DEX-6
 Yes vs No		2.07§
(1.59 to 2.70)		2.23§
(1.66 to 2.99)		1.75§
(1.07 to 2.85)		2.45§
(1.61 to 3.73)		2.22§
(1.62 to 3.04)		2.00§
(1.37 to 2.93)		3.24§
(2.32 to 4.52)		1.84§
(1.22 to 2.80)		1.53
(0.79 to 2.94)		1.93¶
(0.94 to 3.95)
 DEX-7
 Yes vs No		1.29§
(1.06 to 1.57		1.36§
(1.08 to 1.72)		0.87
(0.59 to 1.30)		0.82
(0.58 to 1.15)		1.35§
(1.05 to 1.74)		1.38¶
(1.00 to 1.90)		1.39§
(1.04 to 1.84)		1.37¶
(0.97 to 1.93)		0.68
(0.42 to 1.09)		1.24
(0.64 to 2.40)
 DEX-8
 Yes vs No		1.37§
(1.13 to 1.65)		1.39§
(1.12 to 1.74)		1.24
(0.85 to 1.80)		1.01
(0.73 to 1.41)		1.65§
(1.29 to 2.09)		1.55§
(1.15 to 2.09)		1.63§
(1.23 to 2.16)		1.46§
(1.06 to 2.01)		1.07
(0.70 to 1.64)		1.49
(0.77 to 2.91)
Deployment-related LTE
 Combat experience
 Yes vs No		0.99
(0.79 to 1.24)		1.27
(0.94 to 1.73)		1.41
(0.92 to 2.17)		1.08
(0.74 to 1.59)		0.72§
(0.53 to 0.96)		1.26
(0.82 to 1.93)		1.72§
(1.11 to 2.67)		1.88§
(1.13 to 3.13)		1.38
(0.84 to 2.27)		1.35
(0.63 to 2.89)
 Relief worker in a war zone
 Yes vs No		1.23§
(1.02 to 1.49)		1.31§
(1.03 to 1.67)		1.29
(0.90 to 1.85)		1.23
(0.88 to 1.71)		1.14
(0.89 to 1.46)		1.34¶
(0.96 to 1.89)		1.58§
(1.16 to 2.14)		0.98
(0.68 to 1.41)		0.89
(0.57 to 1.39)		2.14§
(1.22 to 3.75)
 Saw atrocities
 Yes vs No		1.08
(0.89 to 1.32)		1.23¶
(0.98 to 1.55)		1.03
(0.70 to 1.52)		0.92
(0.65 to 1.32)		1.04
(0.81 to 1.34)		1.20
(0.88 to 1.65)		1.20
(0.90 to 1.60)		1.49§
(1.06 to 2.09)		1.39
(0.85 to 2.27)		0.68
(0.36 to 1.30)

  • *Any of the following: MDE, GAD, PD, PTSD, alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.

  • †Any of the following: generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder.

  • ‡AUD includes either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.

  • §Significant at P≤0.05.

  • ¶Significant at 0.05<P≤0.10.

  • AOR, adjusted OR; AUD, alcohol use disorder; DEX, deployment-related experience; DEX-1, ‘ever known someone who was seriously injured or killed’; DEX-2, ‘ever found yourself in a threatening situation where you were unable to respond because of the rules of engagement’; DEX-3, ‘ever been injured’; DEX-4, ‘ever seen ill or injured women or children who you were unable to help’; DEX-5, ‘ever received incoming artillery, rocket or mortar fire’; DEX-6, ‘ever felt responsible for the death of a Canadian or ally personnel’; DEX-7, ‘ever had a close call, for example shot or hit but protective gear saved you’; DEX-8, ‘ever had difficulty distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants’; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; LTE, lifetime potentially traumatic experience; MDE, major depressive episode; PD, panic disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RegF, Regular Force personnel; ResF, Reserve Force personnel.