Table 1

ORs (and log odds) for developing obesity as a result of high versus low carbohydrate diet (strata 1) or increasing carbohydrate intake percentage (strata 2)

Strata	Identification Number	Study	Exposure measured	OR	95% CI	Log OR	95% CI	Sample size
1	27	Ahluwalia et al 48
1	279	Bowman and Spence49	Above 55% calories (high) vs 0%–30% calories (very low)	0.72	0.62 to 0.84	−0.14	−0.21 to −0.08	10 014
1	420	Choi et al 50	Quartile (Q) 4 vs 1	1.66	1.13 to 2.43	0.22	0.05 to 0.39	3050
1	1080	Jackson et al 51	Tertiale 3 vs 1 for Carbohydrate intake	0.31	0.06 to 1.50	−0.51	−1.22 to 0.18	2842
1	1206	Kim et al 52	Tertiale 3 vs 1 for white rice and kimchi	1.19	1.09 to 1.33	0.08	0.04 to 0.12	13 618
1	1364	Lin et al 53	Rice dietary pattern	1.05	1.02 to 1.09	0.02	0.01 to 0.04	1030
1	1526	Meng et al 54	Staple food and vegetables higher obesity (Q4 vs Q1 higher proportion carb intake)	1.28	1.00 to 1.64	0.11	0 to 0.22	768
1	1532	Merchant et al 55	Quartiles of carbohydrate intake compared with the lowest intake category (Q4 vs Q1)	0.60	0.42 to 0.85	−0.22	−0.38 to −0.07	4451
1	1634	Murtaugh et al 56	High versus low: carbohydrate (% energy)—non-Hispanic (white)	1.48	0.83 to 2.63	0.17	−0.08 to 0.42	1599
1	1634	Murtaugh et al 56	High versus low: carbohydrate (% energy)—Hispanic	0.57	0.21 to 1.54	−0.24	−0.68 to 0.19	871
1	1923	Rathnayake et al 57	Percent of energy from carbohydrate: high (≥70%)	6.26	2.11 to 18.57	0.80	0.32 to 1.27	100
1	2226	Song et al 58	Energy from Carbohydrates (Q5 vs Q1)	1.46	1.07 to 2.01	0.16	0.03 to 0.30	6845
1	2616	Youn et al 59	Q4 vs Q1 carbohydrate intake	1.16	0.60 to 2.21	0.06	−0.22 to 0.35	933
2	130	Austin et al 60	Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)—NHANES I	0.99	0.95 to 1.04	0.00	−0.02 to 0.02	12 276
2	130	Austin et al 60	Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)—NHANES 2005/2006	0.99	0.95 to 1.03	0.00	−0.02 to 0.01	4057
2	782	Garaulet et al 61	Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)	0.71	0.25 to 2.07	−0.15	−0.60 to 0.32	193
2	930	Hartline-Grafton et al 62	Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)	0.83	0.54 to 1.29	−0.08	−0.27 to 0.11	373
2	1297	Langlois et al 63	Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)	1.02	0.98 to 1.07	0.01	−0.01 to 0.03	6454
2	1410	Lyles III et al 64	Carbohydrate dietary variety score	1.42	0.85 to 2.36	0.15	−0.07 to 0.37	74
2	1426	Ma et al 65	Daily dietary glycemic index versus BMI continuous	2.12	1.23 to 3.67	0.33	0.09 to 0.56	641
2	1480	Maskarinec et al 66	Carbohydrate (1 g/100 kcal)	1.08	1.04 to 1.12	0.03	0.02 to 0.05	101 699
2	1557	Miller et al 67	Lean vs obese subjects and energy derived from carbohydrates	0.87	0.67 to 1.13	−0.06	−0.18 to 0.05	216
2	1587	Mokhtar et al 68	Carbohydrate mean daily energy intake	1.07	1.05 to 1.09	0.03	0.02 to 0.04	20 080
2	2591	Yang et al 69	Carbohydrate intakes (% of energy)	0.39	0.24 to 0.64	−0.41	−0.62 to −0.19	7828

BMI, body mass index; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.