The causal association between exercise and the risk of dementia
| Variables | Model 1 | (95% CI) | Model 2 | (95% CI) | Model 3 | (95% CI) |
| Exercise | 0.42*** | (0.26 to 0.67) | 0.49** | (0.31 to 0.80) | 0.53** | (0.33 to 0.85) |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age group (years) | 1.06*** | (1.04 to 1.07) | 1.05*** | (1.03 to 1.07) | 1.05*** | (1.02 to 1.07) |
| Gender (vs male) | 1.22 | (0.78 to 1.90) | 1.18 | (0.73 to 1.89) | 1.14 | (0.71 to 1.84) |
| Residence (vs urban) | 0.59* | (0.38 to 0.91) | 0.55** | (0.35 to 0.85) | 0.59* | (0.38 to 0.92) |
| Living arrangement (vs not alone) | 0.73 | (0.40 to 1.34) | 0.69 | (0.38 to 1.27) | 0.73 | (0.40 to 1.35) |
| Education (vs illiteracy) | 1.36 | (0.99 to 1.84) | 1.49* | (1.09 to 2.03) | 1.43* | (1.05 to 1.95) |
| Occupation (vs farmer) | 1.90** | (1.22 to 2.96) | 2.05** | (1.32 to 3.20) | 1.87** | (1.17 to 2.90) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Current smoker (vs no) | 0.83 | (0.46 to 1.49) | 0.87 | (0.48 to 1.55) | ||
| Current drinker (vs no) | 1.29 | (0.80 to 2.10) | 1.37 | (0.84 to 2.23) | ||
| Social activity (vs no) | 0.43 | (0.15 to 1.20) | 0.44 | (0.16 to 1.24) | ||
| Gardening (vs no) | 0.80 | (0.44 to 1.45) | 0.85 | (0.47 to 1.54) | ||
| Playing card/mah-jong (vs no) | 0.62 | (0.34 to 1.15) | 0.64 | (0.34 to 1.17) | ||
| Listening to radio/watching TV (vs no) | 0.65* | (0.42 to 0.99) | 0.65 | (0.42 to 1.00) | ||
| Health status | ||||||
| Hypertension (vs no) | 1.21 | (0.72 to 2.04) | ||||
| Diabetes (vs no) | 2.92* | (1.19 to 7.11) | ||||
| Stroke or cerebrovascular disease (vs no) | 1.80 | (0.89 to 3.67) | ||||
| ADL disability (vs no) | 1.56* | (1.01 to 2.40) | ||||
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
ADL, activities of daily life; TV, television.