Maternal clinical outcomes by planned place of birth
| Outcome | Primary (n=407) | Tertiary (n=285) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value (<0.05) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value (<0.05) |
| Mode of birth | ||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 318 (77.9%) | 177 (62.3%) | 2.14 (1.53 to 2.99) | <0.0001 | 1.61 (1.08 to 2.39)* | 0.02** |
| Instrumental assisted vaginal | 42 (10.3%) | 58 (20.4%) | 0.45 (0.29 to 0.69) | <0.0001 | 0.59 (0.37 to 0.93)* | 0.02 |
| Emergency caesarean | 47 (11.6%) | 50 (17.5%) | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.94) | 0.026 | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.40)* | NS |
| Labour onset | ||||||
| Spontaneous | 272 (66.8%) | 140 (49.1%) | 2.09 (1.53 to 2.85) | <0.0001 | 1.94 (1.40 to 2.67)† | <0.001 |
| Induction | 59 (14.5%) | 55 (19.3%) | 0.71 (0.47 to 1.06) | NS | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.16)† | NS |
| Elective caesarean | 3 (0.7%) | 6 (2.1%) | 0.34 (0.09 to 1.38) | NS | 0.34 (0.08 to 1.41)† | NS |
| Augmentation | 70 (17.2%) | 80 (28.2%) | 0.53 (0.37 to 0.76) | 0.001 | 0.54 (0.37 to 0.79)† | 0.002 |
| Meconium liquor | 76 (18.7) | 36 (12.6%) | 0.63 (0.41 to 0.97) | <0.05 | 0.54 (0.35 to 0.85)‡ | <0.01 |
|
Non-pharmacological pain relief | 303 (75.0) | 182 (65.2) | 0.63 (0.45 to 0.87) | <0.01 | 0.59 (0.42 to 0.84)‡ | <0.01 |
| Analgesia | ||||||
| Epidural/spinal | 85 (20.9%) | 107 (37.5%) | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.62) | <0.0001 | 0.57 (0.38 to 0.85)§ | 0.006 |
| Intramuscular/intravenous narcotic | 18 (4.4%) | 23 (8.1%) | 0.52 (0.28 to 0.99) | NS | 0.58 (0.30 to 1.11)§ | NS |
| No analgesia | 173 (42.4%) | 71 (25.0%) | 2.20 (1.58 to 3.08) | <0.0001 | 2.04 (1.40 to 2.96)§ | <0.001 |
| NO2 | 128 (31.4%) | 81 (28.5%) | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.60) | NS | 0.91 (0.64 to 1.29)§ | NS |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | ||||||
| <500 ml | 311 (76.4%) | 215 (75.4%) | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.50) | NS | 0.80 (0.54 to 1.18)* | NS |
| 500–999 ml | 71 (17.4%) | 57 (20.1%) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.24) | NS | 1.07 (0.70 to 1.61)* | NS |
| >1000 ml | 24 (5.9%) | 13 (4.6%) | 1.30 (0.65 to 2.60) | NS | 1.74 (0.85 to 3.59)* | NS |
| Management of third stage of labour | ||||||
| Physiological | 170 (41.8%) | 55 (19.3%) | 3.0 (2.11 to 4.27) | <0.0001 | 2.43 (1.63 to 3.60)§ | <0.001 |
| Active | 237 (58.2%) | 230 (80.7%) | ||||
| Perineal trauma | ||||||
| None/graze | 62 (15.2%) | 54 (19.0%) | 0.77 (0.51 to 1.15) | NS | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.64)¶ | NS |
| First/second/labial/vaginal | 200 (49.0%) | 119 (41.9%) | 1.35 (0.99 to 1.83) | NS | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.66)¶ | NS |
| Third/fourth | 9 (2.2%) | 5 (1.8%) | 1.26 (0.42 to 3.80) | NS | 1.43 (0.46 to 4.42)¶ | NS |
| Episiotomy | ||||||
| Episiotomy | 32 (7.8%) | 56 (19.7%) | 0.35 (0.22 to 0.55) | <0.0001 | 0.42 (0.26 to 0.69)¶ | 0.001 |
| Extended to third/fourth | 4 (1.0%) | 4 (1.41%) | 0.69 (0.17 to 2.79) | NS | 0.61 (0.13 to 2.85)¶ | NS |
*Adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, parity, term, augmentation, induction.
†Adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, parity, term.
‡Adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, parity, term, augmentation, excludes elective CS.
§Adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, parity, term, augmentation, induction, excludes elective CS.
¶Adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, parity, term, excludes elective CS.
**Statistically significant p values and outcomes are presented in bold.
NS, not significant.