Univariate associations between risk factors and perpetration of physical violence by school staff against students in the past week in Luwero District, Uganda (n=499 staff)
| Risk factor | Total sample, n (%) | Perpetration of physical violence, past week | |||
| n (%) | Crude OR* | 95% CI | p value | ||
| Individual factors (staff background characteristics) | |||||
| Total | 499 (100) | 215 (43.1) | – | – | – |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 291 (58.3) | 128 (44.0) | 1 | ||
| Male | 208 (41.7) | 87 (41.8) | 1.34 | 0.84 to 2.13 | 0.21 |
| Age | |||||
| 18–29 years | 135 (27.1) | 51 (37.8) | 1 | ||
| 30–39 years | 226 (45.3) | 117 (51.8) | 1.73 | 1.10 to 2.71 | 0.002 |
| 40+ years | 138 (27.7) | 47 (34.1) | 0.81 | 0.48 to 1.35 | |
| Job at school | |||||
| Teacher | 396 (79.4) | 195 (49.2) | 1 | ||
| Headmaster | 28 (5.6) | 9 (32.1) | 0.47 | 0.20 to 1.10 | <0.001 |
| Administrative staff | 75 (15.0) | 11 (14.7) | 0.17 | 0.08 to 0.33 | |
| Highest qualification obtained (n=494) | |||||
| University degree | 29 (5.9) | 12 (41.4) | 1 | ||
| Grade 5 | 143 (29.0) | 66 (46.2) | 1.17 | 0.50 to 2.70 | 0.65 |
| Grade 3 or below | 322 (65.2) | 134 (41.6) | 0.96 | 0.43 to 2.15 | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Luganda | 312 (62.5) | 131 (42.0) | 1 | ||
| Other | 187 (37.5) | 84 (44.9) | 1.13 | 0.77 to 1.66 | 0.53 |
| Religion (n=496) | |||||
| Roman Catholic | 143 (28.8) | 63 (44.1) | 1 | ||
| Anglican | 171 (34.5) | 67 (39.2) | 0.78 | 0.48 to 1.25 | 0.39 |
| Other | 182 (36.7) | 83 (45.6) | 1.04 | 0.65 to 1.66 | |
| Relationship status (n=498) | |||||
| Single/divorced | 123 (24.7) | 53 (43.1) | 1 | ||
| In a relationship | 39 (7.8) | 15 (38.5) | 0.78 | 0.36 to 1.69 | 0.74 |
| Married | 336 (67.5) | 147 (43.8) | 1.04 | 0.68 to 1.60 | |
| Number of offspring | |||||
| 0 children | 72 (14.4) | 20 (27.8) | 1 | ||
| 1–2 children | 155 (31.1) | 84 (54.2) | 3.20 | 1.69 to 5.95 | <0.001 |
| 3+ children | 272 (54.5) | 111 (40.8) | 1.73 | 0.95 to 3.15 | |
| Housing status | |||||
| Owns | 193 (38.7) | 83 (43.0) | 1 | ||
| Rents | 151 (30.3) | 68 (45.0) | 1.14 | 0.73 to 1.79 | 0.70 |
| Other | 155 (31.1) | 64 (41.3) | 0.93 | 0.59 to 1.46 | |
| Number of adults that sleep in the same sleeping area | |||||
| 0 adults | 182 (36.5) | 80 (44.0) | 1 | ||
| 1 adult | 282 (56.5) | 123 (43.6) | 0.98 | 0.67 to 1.45 | 0.60 |
| 2+ adults | 35 (7.0) | 12 (34.3) | 0.67 | 0.31 to 1.48 | |
| Number of meals eaten yesterday | |||||
| 1 meal | 42 (8.4) | 17 (40.5) | 1 | ||
| 2 meals | 156 (31.3) | 68 (43.6) | 1.14 | 0.56 to 2.32 | 0.92 |
| 3+ meals | 301 (60.3) | 130 (43.2) | 1.15 | 0.59 to 2.27 | |
| Mental health distress | |||||
| Low | 332 (66.5) | 136 (41.0) | 1 | ||
| High | 167 (33.5) | 79 (47.3) | 1.29 | 0.87 to 1.90 | 0.20 |
| Victim of child sexual abuse | |||||
| No | 472 (94.6) | 207 (43.9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 27 (5.4) | 8 (29.6) | 0.48 | 0.20 to 1.16 | 0.10 |
| Victim of intimate partner violence | |||||
| No | 295 (59.1) | 110 (37.3) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 204 (40.9) | 105 (51.5) | 1.71 | 1.17 to 2.50 | 0.006 |
| Victim of non-partner sexual violence | |||||
| No | 450 (90.2) | 193 (42.9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 49 (9.8) | 22 (44.9) | 1.00 | 0.54 to 1.87 | 0.99 |
| Use of violence against non-students | |||||
| No | 443 (88.8) | 182 (41.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 56 (11.2) | 33 (58.9) | 1.96 | 1.08 to 3.58 | 0.03 |
| Number of years worked at school (n=498) | |||||
| 0–2 years | 52 (10.4) | 15 (28.9) | 1 | ||
| 3–4 years | 72 (14.4) | 26 (36.1) | 1.46 | 0.66 to 3.21 | 0.04 |
| 5+ years | 374 (75.0) | 174 (46.5) | 2.15 | 1.11 to 4.14 | |
| Community factors | |||||
| Social norms accepting of physical discipline within community | |||||
| Low | 176 (35.3) | 73 (46.5) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 159 (31.9) | 70 (42.4) | 0.87 | 0.49 to 1.53 | 0.70 |
| High | 164 (32.9) | 72 (40.7) | 0.79 | 0.46 to 1.36 | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| High | 173 (34.7) | 70 (40.5) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 171 (34.3) | 72 (42.1) | 1.06 | 0.61 to 1.84 | 0.68 |
| Low | 155 (31.1) | 73 (47.1) | 1.27 | 0.72 to 2.22 | |
| School factors | |||||
| Social norms accepting of physical discipline among school staff | |||||
| Low | 169 (33.9) | 65 (42.5) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 180 (36.1) | 76 (44.4) | 1.08 | 0.61 to 1.87 | 0.97 |
| High | 150 (30.1) | 74 (42.3) | 1.02 | 0.58 to 1.80 | |
| Perceived quality of school climate (aggregated by school) | |||||
| High | 164 (32.9) | 62 (37.8) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 167 (33.5) | 84 (50.3) | 1.65 | 0.97 to 2.81 | 0.14 |
| Low | 168 (33.7) | 69 (41.1) | 1.13 | 0.66 to 1.93 | |
| Individual factors (staff attitudes) | |||||
| Personal acceptance of physical discipline | |||||
| Low | 222 (45.3) | 54 (39.4) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 111 (22.2) | 55 (36.9) | 1.89 | 0.54 to 1.48 | 0.02 |
| High | 162 (32.5) | 106 (49.8) | 1.63 | 1.02 to 2.61 | |
| Perceived quality of school climate (n=498) | |||||
| High | 147 (29.5) | 64 (43.5) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 164 (32.9) | 69 (42.1) | 0.93 | 0.58 to 1.48 | 0.92 |
| Low | 187 (37.6) | 82 (43.9) | 1.01 | 0.64 to 1.60 | |
| Job satisfaction | |||||
| High | 166 (33.3) | 63 (38.0) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 159 (31.9) | 73 (45.9) | 1.43 | 0.90 to 2.26 | 0.23 |
| Low | 174 (34.9) | 79 (45.4) | 1.40 | 0.89 to 2.21 | |
*Assessed via logistic regression with a random effect at the school level to account for clustering. p values derived from likelihood ratio tests. Missing data excluded.