Major adverse and cerebrovascular events and postoperative events within 30 days
| Reference | Outcome definition | Adjustment variables | Number of events per group | OR or HR and 95% CI |
| Major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiac events | ||||
| Nery et al 13 | 1-year postoperative AF, hospital readmission, new CABG, PCI, MI | None | Active: 8/25 (31%); inactive: 17/30 (57%)* | NR |
| Martini and Barbisan15 | 2-year postoperative death, re-hospitalisation, cerebrovascular accident, MI | None | Active: 9/66 (14%); inactive: 31/119 (26%) | NR |
| Rengo et al 17 | 5-year postoperative cardiac and all-cause mortality | Demographics, medical history, medications, and clinical findings. | NR | Adjusted proportional hazard models: All-cause mortality: Exp(B) 0.248 (95% CI 0.141 to 0.434)* Cardiac mortality: Exp(B) 0.272 (0.133 to 0.555)* |
| van Laar et al 22 | 2-year mortality | None | Active: 5/65 (13%); inactive: 11/50 (22%)* | NR |
| Postoperative events within 30 days | ||||
| Markou et al 12 | Perioperative MI, reintervention, postoperative complications (wound, renal, neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal) | None | MI: active: 4/226 (2%); inactive: 11/202 (5%)* Reoperation: active: 15/226 (7%); inactive: 9/202 (5%), Wound infection: active: 3/226 (1%); inactive: 7/202 (3%), Renal: active: 3/226; inactive: 7/202 | NR |
| Nery et al 16 | Mortality, MI, reoperation | Age, smoking, PVD, COPD, Cleveland Risk Score. | Mortality: active: 0/66 (0%); inactive: 7/136 (5%) MI: active: 1/66 (2%); inactive: 6/136 (4%) Reoperation: active: 0/66 (0%); inactive: 1/136 (0.5%) | Multivariate OR for being active: 0.22 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.51, p=0.001) |
| Rengo et al 17 | Low-output syndromes, MI, cardiac support, stroke, bleedings, mediastinitis, pneumonia, dialysis | None | Any surgical complication: active: 53/267 (19.7%); inactive: 60/320 (18.6%) | NR |
| Giaccardi et al 18 | Atrial fibrillation | Age, episodes of AF 1 year preop, episodes of AF in the first week, β-blockers, amiodarone, left ventricular volume, left atrial emptying fraction | Postoperative atrial fibrillation: active: 6/74 (8.1%); inactive: 27/84 (32.1%)* | Multivariate OR for being inactive: 4.04 (95% CI 1.16 to 14.14, p=0.029) |
| Noyez et al 20 | Mortality, reoperation, stroke, renal insufficiency, sternal wound, ventilation | ≥75 years, valve surgery, female, high operative risk, renal disease, obesity, NYHA IV, insulin, vascular pathology, poor LVEF, lung disease, MI, neurological event | Hospital mortality: active: 7/1815 (0.4%); inactive: 15/1335 (1.1%)* 30-day mortality: active: 10/1815 (0.6%); inactive: 20/1335 (1.5%)* Reoperation: active: 105/1815 (5.8%); inactive: 68/1335 (5%) Stroke: active: 9/1815 (0.5%); inactive: 12/1335 (0.9%) Renal insufficiency: active: 32/1815 (1.8%); inactive: 39/1335 (2.9%)* Sternal wound: active: 10/1815 (0.6%); inactive: 17/1335 (1.3%)* Ventilation >2 days: active: 31/1815 (1.7%); inactive: 54/1335 (4.0%)* | Hospital mortality multivariate OR for being inactive: 1.20 (95% CI 0.4 to 3.5, p=0.617) 30 day mortality multivariate OR for being inactive: 1.10 (95% CI 0.5 to 2.7, p=0.70) |
*Indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NR, not reported; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.