Comparing the presence and absence of components within interventions
| Intervention components | Intensity SMD (CI) N participants (studies) | Mood SMD (CI) N participants (studies) | Headache-related disability SMD (CI) N participants (studies) | |
| Relaxation | With | −0.36 (−0.49 to −0.22) 950 (8) | −0.29 (−0.43 to −0.15) 822 (7) | |
| Without | −0.36 (−0.50 to −0.21) 799 (7) | −0.36 (−0.51 to −0.21) 718 (4) | ||
| CBT | With | −0.38 (−0.52 to −0.24) 836 (7) | −0.72 (-0.93,–0.51) 405 (5) | −0.36 (−0.49 to −0.23) 949 (7) |
| Without | −0.34 (−0.47 to −0.20) 913 (8) | −0.41 (-0.58,–0.24) 582 (5) | −0.26 (−0.43 to −0.10) 591 (4) | |
| Education | With | −0.51 (−0.68 to −0.34) 605 (4) | −0.42 (−0.58 to −0.27) 681 (4) | |
| Without | −0.28 (−0.40 to −0.16) 1144 (10) | −0.24 (−0.38 to −0.11) 859 (6) | ||
| Mindfulness | With | −0.50 (−0.82 to −0.18) 168 (4) | – | |
| Without | −0.34 (−0.44 to −0.24) 1581 (9) | – | ||
CBT, cognitive–behavioural therapy; SMD, standardised mean differences.