Overall effectiveness of self-management versus usual care
| Outcome | Treatment versus control SMD (CI) | N participants (studies)* |
| Headache frequency | −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) | 717 (6) |
| Pain intensity | −0.36 (−0.45 to –0.26) | 1749 (18) |
| Mood | −0.53 (−0.66 to –0.40) | 987 (10) |
| Headache-related disability | −0.32 (−0.42 to –0.22) | 1540 (11) |
| Quality of life | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.45) | 1116 (5) |
| Medication consumption | −0.18 (−0.33 to –0.03) | 692 (8) |
Direction of effect: for outcomes frequency, pain intensity, mood, headache-related disability and medication consumption, negative values are beneficial; for the outcome quality of life a positive value is beneficial.
*Including double-counted control arms in studies with multiple treatment arms.
SMD, standardised mean differences.