Baseline characteristics of participants with a measurement of physical activity and diet at baseline and at 2-year follow-up measurement
| Intervention group, n=165 | Control group, n=149 | ||
| Sociodemographic | Male | 75 (45.5) | 77 (52.0) |
| Mean age (years) | 44.9 (43.5–46.5) | 44.7 (43.1–46.4) | |
| Low education | 16 (10.1) | 20 (13.8) | |
| Paid work | 115 (70.6) | 104 (70.3) | |
| Family income ≤€998 net/month | 18 (2.3) | 14 (10.0)* | |
| Country of birth (Netherlands) | 14 (8.5) | 14 (9.5) | |
| Mean duration of residence (years) | 28.8 (28.2–30.4) | 27.9 (26.4–29.4) | |
| Family history of diabetes | 124 (77.5) | 103 (71.5) | |
| Metabolic | Mean body mass index | 27.7 (27.1–28.3) | 27.2 (26.6–27.8) |
| Mean fasting plasma glucose | 5.3 (5.2–5.4) | 5.3 (5.3–5.4) | |
| Mean 2-hour postload glucose | 6.1 (5.8–6.3) | 6.0 (5.7–6.2) | |
| Mean glycated haemoglobin | 5.7 (5.6–5.8) | 5.7 (5.6–5.7) | |
| Median HOMA-IR | 3.0 (2.2–4.1) | 2.8 (2.1–3.9) | |
| Physical activity | Any moderate-to-vigorous activity | 135 (81.8) | 118 (79.2) |
| Mean moderate-to-vigorous activity (min/week) | 628.0 (504.1–751.9) | 665.6 (523.2–807.9) | |
| Mean total activity (min/week) | 2698.8 (2534.2–2863.5) | 2451.3 (2262.7–2640.0) | |
| Dietary intake† | Fruit: 2 pieces /day (%) | 71 (43.3) | 55 (36.9) |
| Vegetables: 200 g/day (%) | 112 (67.9) | 48 (56.4)‡ | |
| Whole wheat: almost exclusively (%) | 11 (6.7) | 11 (7.4) | |
| Meal pattern: 3 meals/day at a regular times (%) | 94 (57.3) | 82 (55.4) | |
| Brown rice: almost exclusively (%) | 21 (12.8) | 11 (7.4) | |
| Risk perception | Causal beliefs | ||
| Perceiving 6 general risk factors as cause (%)‡ | 110 (66.7) | 103 (69.1) | |
| Perceiving consuming a lot of sugar as cause (%) | 113 (68.5) | 105 (70.5) | |
| Perceiving consuming a lot of white rice as cause (%) | 95 (57.6) | 86 (57.7) | |
| Perceiving consuming masala as cause§ | 49 (29.9) | 48 (32.4) | |
| Perceiving being a South Asian as cause | 122 (73.9) | 104 (69.8) | |
| Perceiving having a family history of T2D as cause | 150 (90.9) | 134 (89.9) | |
| High susceptibility | 63 (38.2) | 71 (47.7) | |
| High controllability belief by physical activity | 146 (88.5) | 132 (88.6) | |
| Positive attitude toward | Physical activity | ||
| Direct | 160 (97.0) | 143 (96.0) | |
| Indirect | 161 (97.6) | 142 (95.3) | |
| Diet | |||
| In general | 161 (98.2) | 148 (99.3) | |
| Importance brown rice | 76 (46.1) | 62 (41.6) | |
| Importance snacks | 51 (31.5) | 39 (26.4) | |
| Enjoyment brown rice | 43 (27.0) | 30 (20.5) | |
| Enjoyment snacks | 93 (58.1) | 67 (45.6)‡ | |
| Perceiving social support | Physical activity | ||
| Partner | 71 (43.0) | 66 (44.3) | |
| Others | 103 (62.4) | 99 (66.4) | |
| Diet | |||
| In general | 98 (59.8) | 85 (57.0) | |
| Brown rice | 44 (26.8) | 41 (27.5) | |
| Refusing snacks | 48 (29.3) | 45 (30.2) | |
| Perceiving self-efficacy | Physical activity | 109 (66.1) | 103 (69.1) |
| Diet | |||
| In general | 151 (91.5) | 136 (91.3) | |
| Brown rice | 56 (33.9) | 38 (25.5) | |
| Refusing snacks | 98 (60.5) | 101 (69.7) | |
| Stage of change—motivated to change | Physical activity within 6 months | 99 (59.3) | 105 (69.5) |
| Diet within 6 months | |||
| In general | 153 (92.7) | 135 (90.6) | |
| Brown rice | 82 (49.7) | 59 (39.6) |
Data are presented as means (95% CI), median (25th–75th percentile) or n (percentage).
*Estimated net income was not reported by 54 (17.0%) of participants. Differences between groups were, therefore, not assessed.
†Derived from the national guidelines for diet (30), with the exception of rice for which no guideline has been established.
‡Significant difference between the groups at baseline (T0).
§Six common risk factors: overweight, too little exercise, unhealthy diet, age ≥35 years, smoking and hypertension.
HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus.