Controls | Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus | p Value | |
(n=16 640) | (n=4160) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | ||
Sex | 0.99 | ||
Female | 8828 (53.1) | 2207 (53.1) | |
Male | 7812 (47.0) | 1953 (47.0) | |
Age, years, mean (SD)* | 18.0 (7.85) | 15.6 (7.76) | <0.001 |
Stratified by age | <0.001 | ||
<18 | 7622 (45.8) | 2527 (60.8) | |
≥18 | 9018 (54.2) | 1633 (39.3) | |
Follow-up duration, years (SD)* | 6.57 (3.99) | 6.28 (4.04) | <0.001 |
Urbanisation level† | 0.003 | ||
1 (Very high) | 4590 (27.6) | 1181 (28.4) | |
2 (High) | 4907 (29.5) | 1316 (31.6) | |
3 (Moderate) | 3363 (20.2) | 725 (17.4) | |
4 (Low) | 3780 (22.7) | 938 (22.6) | |
Parental occupation | <0.001 | ||
White collar | 9678 (58.2) | 2222 (53.4) | |
Blue collar | 4891 (29.4) | 1339 (32.2) | |
Others‡ | 2071 (12.5) | 599 (14.4) | |
Comorbidity | |||
Rhinitis | 4389 (26.4) | 1049 (25.2) | 0.13 |
Urticaria | 1645 (9.89) | 388 (9.33) | 0.44 |
*Student's t-test, χ2 test.
†The urbanisation level was categorised by the population density of the residential area into four levels, with level 1 as the most urbanised and level 4 as the least urbanised.
‡Other occupations included primarily retired, unemployed or low-income populations.