Variable | Data collection instrument |
Primary outcome measure | |
Femoral neck aBMD | Proximal femur DXA scan (Medix DR, Medilink, France) |
Secondary outcome measures | |
Other bone outcomes | |
Whole body aBMD, BMC and bone area; lumbar spine aBMD, BMC and bone area; and proximal femur (trochanter and total hip regions) aBMD, BMC and bone area | DXA scans (Medix DR, Medilink, France) |
Femoral neck (trabecular, cortical and total) BMC, vBMD and volume; total hip (trabecular, cortical and total) BMC, vBMD and volume | Proximal femur DXA scan (Medix DR, Medilink, France), 3D hip software (DMS Group, Mauguio, France) |
Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation, speed of sound and stiffness index | Calcaneal QUS (Lunar Achilles InSight, GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA) |
Total content, vBMD and cross-sectional area; trabecular content, density and cross-sectional area; cortical content, vBMD, cross-sectional area and thickness; periosteal and endocortical circumference; total and trabecular bone strength indices; polar section modulus; polar strength strain index | Forearm 4% and 66% sites, and leg 4%, 14%, 38% and 66% sites pQCT scans (XCT-3000, Stratec Medizintechnik, Pforzheim, Germany) |
Anthropometry | |
Height | Wall-mounted stadiometer (Model 216; Seca, Hamburg, Germany) |
Weight | Mechanical beam scale (Model 700; Seca, Hamburg, Germany) |
Waist circumference | Steel tape (Model W606PM; Lufkin Executive Thinline, Apex, USA) |
Body composition | |
Lean mass, fat mass, appendicular lean mass and percent body fat | Whole-body DXA scan (Medix DR, Medilink, France) |
Muscle cross-sectional area and muscle density | Forearm 66% site and leg 66% site pQCT scans (XCT-3000, Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) |
Thoracic kyphosis | Plurimeter gravity referenced inclinometer (Australasian Medical & Therapeutic Instruments, Australia) Lateral decubitus thoracolumbar spine DXA (Medix DR, Medilink, France) |
Vertebral fracture assessment | Lateral decubitus thoracolumbar spine DXA (Medix DR, Medilink, France) |
Functional performance | |
Timed up-and-go | Digital stopwatch (Fisher Scientific, USA) |
Five times sit-to-stand | Digital stopwatch (Fisher Scientific, USA) |
Functional reach | Perspex board with measurement grid lines |
Muscle power | |
Countermovement vertical jump | Load cell (Advanced Mechanical Technology, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA) |
Isometric muscle strength | |
Lower extremity strength | Leg platform dynamometer (TTM Muscle Meter, Tokyo, Japan) |
Back extensor strength | Dynamometer (Lafayette Manual Muscle Testing Systems, USA) |
Dietary calcium intake | AusCal questionnaire |
Bone-specific physical activity | Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) |
Barriers and facilitators | Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) questionnaire Semistructured interviews |
Quality of Life | WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire |
Safety (adverse events and injuries) and compliance | Purpose-designed lifestyle diaries and training diaries Trainer records |
aBMD, areal bone mineral density; BMC, bone mineral content; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; pQCT, peripheral Quantitative CT; vBMD, volumetric bone mineral density.