Characteristics of patients with CKD and healthy controls
| Variables | Healthy control | CKD 3 | CKD 4 | CKD 5 | p |
| No. of patients | 20 | 32 | 38 | 25 | |
| Gender, M, n (%) | 9 (47%) | 22 (69%) | 25 (66%) | 13 (52%) | 0.225 |
| Age (year) | 39.7±16.7 | 40.3±11.3 | 44.5±14.4 | 44.0±13.7 | 0.443 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3±4.3 | 24.4±4.2 | 24.7±3.6 | 23.8±4.2 | 0.582 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 89.5±9.3* | 95.0±9.4* | 97.5±8.5** | 103.8±17.2* | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 136.3±17.4* | 131.2±20.2* | 118.9±18.1** | 98.5±14.2* | <0.001 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 6.1±1.6 | 7.1±2.1 | 7.1±1.5 | 6.9±2.2 | 0.398 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 43.2±2.9* | 41.1±3.4 | 40.7±3.4 | 39.1±3.6* | 0.004 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.4±13.5* | 155.5±31.5** | 265.7±63.4** | 542.1±237.1* | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2 | 101.4±21.9* | 48.9±13.9** | 24.7±6.3** | 10.9±4.1* | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2±0.9 | 4.2±1.2 | 4.2±0.8 | 4.0±0.9 | 0.959 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.2±0.6 | 1.9±0.9* | 2.3±1.1** | 1.7±0.8 | 0.003 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 7.3±2.7* | 201.9±142.7** | 313.8±139.5** | 472.2±224.1* | <0.001 |
| CHD, n (%) | 2 (10%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 0.753 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1 (5%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (11%) | 0.523 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 2 (10%) | 7 (21%) | 6 (15%) | 1 (4%) | 0.457 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or median (IQR) as appropriate.
*p<0.05 versus CKD 5 group, **p<0.05 versus control group.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.