Estimated PAR and estimated yearly number of deaths for each of the factors significantly associated with early ENM in Nigeria, 2003–2013
| Variable | n*† | aHR‡ | PAR§ (95% CI) | Yearly projected ENM that could be avoided or treated, k¶ (95% CI) |
| Residence type | ||||
| Urban | 27.1 | Ref | ||
| Rural | 72.9 | 1.31 | 17.3 (6.88–26.7) | 36 746 (14 656–56 920) |
| Mother’s age | ||||
| <20 | 8.5 | 2.83 | 5.50 (3.62–7.52) | 11 708 (8521–17 042) |
| 20–29 | 45.6 | 1.05 | ― | |
| 30–39 | 34.3 | Ref | ||
| 40–49 | 11.6 | 1.10 | ― | |
| Birth rank and birth interval† | ||||
| Two or three children, interval >2 | 16.3 | Ref | ||
| First child | 26.9 | 1.48 | 8.72 (3.91–13.4) | 18 584 (8521–27 693) |
| Two or three children, interval ≤2 | 12.2 | 1.5 | 4.07 (1.54–6.75) | 8663 (4260–14 912) |
| Four or higher, interval >2 | 25.5 | 1.18 | ― | |
| Four or higher, interval ≤2 | 19.1 | 1.87 | 8.89 (5.74–12.2) | 18 929 (12 781–25 563) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | 42 | Ref | ||
| Male | 58 | 1.44 | 17.7 (11.1–23.9) | 37 752 (23 433–51 126) |
| Mother’s perceived baby size† | ||||
| Average or larger | 68.1 | Ref | ||
| Small or very small | 23 | 2.12 | 12.2 (9.28–15.2) | 25 884 (19 172–31 953) |
| Mode of delivery† | ||||
| Non-caesarean | 94.4 | Ref | ||
| Caesarean section** | 4.6 | 2.81 | 2.96 (1.86–4.29) | 6312 (4260–8521) |
*Weighted proportion of neonates who died during early neonatal period (0–6 days).
†Proportion varies between groups due to missing values.
‡The adjusted model included place of residence; geopolitical zone; household wealth index; mother’s education, working status, age, body mass index, desire for pregnancy; father’s education; child sex; place of birth; delivery assistance; mode of delivery; child’s body size at birth; and birth order and birth interval. — PAR was not obtained because factors were not significantly associated with ENM.
§PAR and was obtained using similar formula described by Stafford et al,22 that is, PAR = *×((aHR−1)/aHR).
¶Derived based on PAR, estimated general population, crude birth rate and NDHS’s most recent reported neonatal mortality rate.
**Caesarean section is a combination of elective and emergency procedures.
aHR, adjusted HRs; ENM, early neonatal mortality; PAR, population-attributable risk; Ref, reference category.