Distribution of independent variables and the ENMR for each category of proximate, socioeconomic and community variables in Nigeria, 2003–2013
| Characteristic | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | |||
| n (%) | ENMR (95% CI) | n (%) | ENMR (95% CI) | n (%) | ENMR (95% CI) | |
| Residence type | ||||||
| Urban | 38 (21.0) | 22.1 (15.1–29.1) | 201 (26.2) | 24.9 (23.1–30.0) | 235 (29.3) | 22.0 (19.2–24.8) |
| Rural | 144 (79.0) | 33.9 (28.3–39.4) | 565 (73.8) | 29.6 (30.3–35.4) | 566 (70.7) | 28.2 (25.9–30.6) |
| Geographical region | ||||||
| North Central | 30 (16.6) | 35.1 (22.5–47.6) | 84 (13.7) | 22.7 (17.9–27.6) | 94 (11.7) | 22.6 (18.0–27.2) |
| North East | 49 (27.2) | 34.5 (24.8–44.1) | 124 (16.4) | 27.9 (23.0–32.8) | 147 (18.3) | 27.0 (22.6–31.3) |
| North West | 54 (29.6) | 26.0 (19.1–33.0) | 229 (31.5) | 26.8 (23.4–30.3) | 310 (38.8) | 27.1 (24.1–30.1) |
| South East | 9 (4.8) | 24.8 (8.6–41.0) | 97 (9.5) | 37.2 (29.8–44.5) | 76 (9.5) | 28.1 (21.8–34.5) |
| South West | 28 (15.2) | 37.2 (23.4–51.0) | 120 (12.9) | 34.1 (28.0–40.2) | 71 (8.8) | 25.2 (19.3–31.1) |
| South South | 12 (6.6) | 23.7 (10.3–37.1) | 112 (16.1) | 25.8 (21.0–30.6) | 103 (12.9) | 24.8 (20.0–29.6) |
| Household wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 95 (52.3) | 35.6 (28.4–42.8) | 370 (48.3) | 29.5 (26.5–32.5) | 394 (49.2) | 27.4 (24.7–30.1) |
| Middle | 71 (39.1) | 30.8 (23.7–38.0) | 271 (35.3) | 27.1 (23.8–30.3) | 294 (36.7) | 26.3 (23.3–29.3) |
| Rich | 16 (8.6) | 16.0 (8.2–23.8) | 126 (16.4) | 27.4 (22.6–32.2) | 113 (14.2) | 22.0 (17.9–26.1) |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| No education | 95 (52.5) | 30.7 (24.5–36.9) | 337 (43.9) | 26.6 (23.7–29.4) | 399 (49.8) | 26.3 (23.7–28.9) |
| Primary | 52 (28.4) | 36.8 (26.8–46.8) | 197 (25.8) | 31.5 (27.1–35.9) | 172 (21.4) | 29.3 (24.9–33.7) |
| Secondary or higher | 35 (19.1) | 23.9 (16.0–31.8) | 232 (30.3) | 28.3 (24.6–31.9) | 230 (28.7) | 23.7 (20.7–26.8) |
| Mother’s working status | ||||||
| Not working | 83 (45.9) | 37.2 (29.2–45.2) | 251 (33.4) | 26.7 (23.4–30.0) | 251 (33.6) | 26.0 (22.7–29.2) |
| Working | 98 (54.1) | 26.2 (21.0–31.4) | 501 (66.6) | 29.3 (26.7–31.8) | 497 (66.4) | 25.2 (23.0–27.4) |
| Mother’s age | ||||||
| <20 | 19 (10.5) | 43.9 (24.1–63.6) | 68 (8.8) | 46.2 (35.2–57.2) | 62 (7.8) | 39.5 (29.7–49.4) |
| 20–29 | 80 (44.1) | 26.0 (20.3–31.7) | 335 (43.7) | 25.6 (22.8–28.3) | 383 (47.9) | 26.1 (23.5–28.7) |
| 30–39 | 68 (37.4) | 34.9 (26.6–43.2) | 273 (35.6) | 27.9 (24.6–31.2) | 259 (32.3) | 22.7 (20.0–25.5) |
| 40–49 | 15 (8.0) | 29.4 (14.5–44.2) | 92 (11.9) | 33.1 (26.3–39.8) | 96 (12.0) | 31.3 (25.0–37.5) |
| MBMI | ||||||
| MBMI >18.5 | 163 (89.5) | 32.1 (27.2–37.0) | 682 (89.0) | 29.0 (26.8–31.2) | 741 (92.6) | 26.6 (24.7–28.6) |
| MBMI ≤18.5 | 16 (8.6) | 20.9 (10.7–31.2) | 72 (9.5) | 23.5 (18.1–28.9) | 51 (6.4) | 19.8 (14.3–25.2) |
| Wanted pregnancy | ||||||
| Wanted then | 155 (87.2) | 30.4 (25.6–35.2) | 640 (89.2) | 26.8 (24.7–28.9) | 705 (92.6) | 25.3 (23.4–27.1) |
| Wanted later | 11 (6.0) | 20.7 (8.5–32.9) | 40 (5.6) | 24.0 (16.5–31.4) | 42 (5.5) | 20.9 (14.6–27.2) |
| Wanted no more | 12 (6.8) | 39.5 (17.1–61.8) | 37 (5.1) | 32.2 (21.8–42.5) | 14 (1.8) | 29.5 (14.0–44.9) |
| Father’s education | ||||||
| No education | 74 (42.1) | 31.2 (24.1–38.3) | 260 (34.9) | 25.8 (22.7–29.0) | 310 (40.2) | 25.1 (22.3–27.9) |
| Primary | 45 (25.7) | 32.7 (23.2–42.3) | 179 (24.1) | 30.7 (26.2–35.2) | 161 (20.9) | 28.5 (24.1–32.9) |
| Secondary or higher | 57 (32.2) | 28.0 (20.8–35.3) | 304 (40.9) | 29.3 (26.0–32.6) | 300 (38.9) | 25.1 (22.3–28.0) |
| Mother’s perceived baby size | ||||||
| Average or larger | 133 (77.3) | 26.4 (21.9–30.9) | 525 (76.6) | 23.0 (21.1–25.0) | 532 (72.5) | 20.7 (18.9–22.4) |
| Small or very small | 39 (22.7) | 45.9 (31.5–60.3) | 161 (23.4) | 43.0 (36.4–49.7) | 202 (27.5) | 45.6 (39.3–51.9) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 67 (37.0) | 23.0 (17.5–28.5) | 326 (42.6) | 24.4 (21.8–27.1) | 341 (42.6) | 22.4 (20.0–24.8) |
| Male | 114 (63.0) | 37.3 (30.4–44.1) | 440 (57.4) | 31.9 (28.9–34.8) | 460 (57.4) | 29.7 (27.0–32.4) |
| Birth order/birth interval | ||||||
| First | 59 (32.4) | 46.3 (34.5–58.1) | 191 (24.9) | 35.8 (30.7–40.9) | 221 (27.6) | 36.1 (31.4–40.9) |
| Second or third rank, interval ≤2 years | 14 (7.7) | 25.5 (12.1–38.9) | 107 (14.0) | 40.3 (32.7–48.0) | 92 (11.5) | 33.3 (26.5–40.1) |
| Second or third rank, interval >2 years | 27 (15.0) | 20.4 (12.7–28.1) | 121 (15.8) | 18.8 (15.4–22.1) | 137 (17.1) | 18.9 (15.8–22.1) |
| Fourth or higher rank, interval ≤2 years | 42 (23.2) | 20.3 (14.2–26.5) | 203 (26.5) | 21.7 (18.7–24.6) | 201 (25.2) | 18.6 (16.1–21.2) |
| Fourth or higher rank, interval >2 years | 39 (21.7) | 51.4 (35.3–67.5) | 145 (18.9) | 43.3 (36.2–50.3) | 150 (18.7) | 39.2 (33.0–45.5) |
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Home | 116 (66.5) | 59.2 (48.4–70.0) | 411 (56.5) | 24.2 (21.9–26.6) | 470 (62.1) | 24.1 (21.9–26.2) |
| Health facility | 59 (33.5) | 14.9 (11.1–18.7) | 317 (43.5) | 32.0 (28.4–35.5) | 287 (37.9) | 26.4 (23.4–29.5) |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Non-caesarean | 178 (98.8) | 30.7 (26.2–35.3) | 727 (95.3) | 27.3 (25.3–29.3) | 747 (94.7) | 25.1 (23.3–26.8) |
| Caesarean section* | 2 (1.2) | 19.8 (7.6–47.2) | 36 (4.7) | 79.6 (53.6–105.7) | 42 (5.3) | 72.8 (50.8–94.8) |
| Delivery assistance | ||||||
| Health professional | 57 (33.3) | 28.8 (21.3–36.3) | 328 (45.2) | 31.7 (28.3–35.2) | 312 (56.0) | 27.2 (24.2–30.2) |
| Non-health professional | 114 (66.7) | 29.4 (24.0–34.8) | 397 (54.8) | 24.1 (21.8–26.5) | 245 (44.0) | 22.2 (19.4–24.9) |
The sum of percentages does not equal 100 for some factors because of missing values.
*Caesarean section is a combination of elective and emergency procedures.
ENMR, early neonatal mortality rate; MBMI, mother’s body mass index; n, number of early neonatal deaths.