ORs for past-year generalised anxiety disorder according to individual-level and area-level characteristics for women (n=10 275) who completed the Health and Life Experiences questionnaire in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk cohort
| ORs and 95% CI | p Value for Model C | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic* | Unadjusted | Model A† | Model B‡ | Model C§ | |
| Individual-level variables | |||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.65 (0.56 to 0.74) | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.73) | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.85) | 0.66 (0.56 to 0.77) | <0.0001 |
| Education¶ | |||||
| Low | 0.72 (0.55 to 0.93) | 0.85 (0.64 to 1.12) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.20) | 0.475 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 1.33 (0.75 to 2.36) | 1.31 (0.73 to 2.36) | 1.36 (0.74 to 2.50) | 1.34 (0.73 to 2.47) | 0.348 |
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Other** | 1.28 (0.96 to 1.71) | 1.48 (1.09 to 2.00) | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.48) | 1.07 (0.79 to 1.46) | 0.671 |
| Social class†† | |||||
| Manual | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.13) | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.17) | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.18) | 0.85 (0.64 to 1.13) | 0.271 |
| Non-manual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Health status | |||||
| Lifetime MDD | |||||
| Yes | 8.34 (6.44 to 10.79) | 7.55 (5.78 to 9.86) | 7.00 (5.34 to 9.17) | <0.0001 | |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Prevalent physical disease‡‡ | |||||
| Yes | 1.65 (1.27 to 2.14) | 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) | 0.011 | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Disability level | |||||
| High§§ | 1.87 (1.45 to 2.43) | 1.88 (1.42 to 2.49) | <0.0001 | ||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Area-level variable | |||||
| Townsend index | |||||
| Deprivation | |||||
| Yes (>0) | 1.74 (1.31 to 2.32) | 1.77 (1.33 to 2.36) | 1.65 (1.23 to 2.22) | 1.63 (1.21 to 2.21) | 0.001 |
| No (≤0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
*The parentheses show the reference categories that were used for each categorical variable when it was entered in the models—deprivation: [no] versus yes; GAD: [no] versus yes; education: [high] versus low; marital status: [married], single, others; social class: [non-manual] versus manual; lifetime MDD: [no] versus yes; prevalent physical disease: [no] versus yes; disability level: [low] versus high. These reference categories were based on the literature.26 ,28–33 Choosing other groupings for the potential confounders would not have changed the results.
†Adjusted for age, SES (education, marital status, social class).
‡Adjusted for age, SES, lifetime MDD.
§Adjusted for age, SES, lifetime MDD, physical disease and disability.
¶High education: O-level, A-level, degree; low education: refers to no education.
**Other: divorced, separated, widowed.
††Manual: skilled manual, semiskilled, non-skilled; non-manual: professionals, managerial, skilled non-manual.
‡‡Prevalent physical disease: respiratory disease (asthma, bronchitis), allergies (allergies, hay fever), stroke, heart attack, cancer, diabetes, thyroid conditions, arthritis.
§§Below the median PCS value of 50.6.