Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) between non-cephalic presentation/potential confounding variables and adverse intrapartum-related fetal/neonatal outcomes among singletons
| Fresh stillbirth aRR (95% CI) | Early neonatal mortality aRR (95% CI) | Signs of neonatal encephalopathy (early neonatal period) aRR (95% CI) | Any of the aforementioned conditions aRR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-cephalic presentation | 12.52 (7.86 to 19.95) | 1.42 (0.20 to 10.21) | 3.20 (1.87 to 5.46) | 4.85 (3.72 to 6.32) |
| Preterm | 1.87 (1.22 to 2.87) | 2.04 (0.96 to 4.33) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.18) | 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) |
| Facility delivery (reference: home delivery) | 0.93 (0.62 to 1.41) | 0.98 (0.46 to 2.08) | 1.62 (1.25 to 2.10) | 1.53 (1.27 to 1.84) |
| Maternal stature <145 cm | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.09) | 1.95 (0.89 to 4.29) | 1.52 (1.11 to 2.07) | 1.42 (1.14 to 1.78) |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g)* | — | 5.11 (2.19 to 11.89) | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.34) | — |
| Primiparous | 1.27 (0.83 to 1.95) | 1.06 (0.48 to 2.37) | 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) | 1.34 (1.10 to 1.63) |
| Education (reference: no education) | ||||
| 1–9 years | 1.28 (0.79 to 2.09) | 0.58 (0.17 to 1.97) | 0.80 (0.58 to 1.12) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) |
| ≥10 years | 0.69 (0.29 to 1.65) | 1.47 (0.41 to 5.28) | 0.70 (0.44 to 1.12) | 0.61 (0.43 to 0.88) |
| Mother's age at marriage (reference: ≥18 years) | ||||
| <18 years | 1.11 (0.69 to 1.80) | 2.57 (0.86 to 7.70) | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.35) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.27) |
*Newborn weight is not included for stillbirth-related outcomes.