One-year follow-up of outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients
| Day 0 | Day 20 | Month 3 | Month 6 | Month 12 | Global tendency over time p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight, cm | 91.1±13.5 | 86.4±12.4*** | 85.0±12.1***††† | 86.5±13.5*** | 87.2±12.9** | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 105.0±10.4 | 100.0±9.3*** | 97.4±8.3***†† | 98.5±9.2*** | 98.2±9.2*** | <0.001 |
| Central fat, g | 3250.7±760.4 | 2813.0±625.6*** | 2553.9±595.3***††† | 2631.1±807.0***‡ | 2776.4±712.3*** | <0.001 |
| Mean blood pressure, mm Hg | 103.9±8.0 | 96.3±8.8*** | 102.3±6.4††† | 104.4±8.7††† | 104.7±9.8††† | 0.015 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142.4±11.5 | 133.4±9.7*** | 138.8±8.2*†† | 140.5±11.7‡ | 140.9±12.9§§ | 0.431 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 84.7±8.7 | 77.8±9.5*** | 84.1±8.4††† | 86.4±8.8‡‡‡ | 86.6±10.2§§§ | 0.003 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 57.7±11.8 | 55.6±7.9 | 54.7±11.2 | 54.1±9.9 | 54.3±11.4 | 0.074 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.0±0.8 | 6.6±0.8*** | 6.3±0.7***†† | 6.2±0.7***‡‡ | 6.4±0.8*** | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose levels, mmol/L | 6.6±1.9 | 5.2±1.1*** | 5.1±1.1*** | 5.4±1.3** | 5.4±1.1** | 0.002 |
| Insulin, mIU/L | 41.1±13.2 | 34.8±15.1** | 44.7±16.6†† | 52.4±18.1**‡‡‡ | 42.6±16.0§ | 0.015 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2±1.0 | 4.3±1.1*** | 5.1±1.2††† | 5.0±0.6‡‡‡ | 5.1±0.7§§§ | 0.235 |
| Triglycaerides, mmol/L | 2.0±1.1 | 1.4±0.3*** | 1.7±0.9* | 1.7±1.0* | 1.9±1.3§ | 0.554 |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL), mmol/L | 1.2±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.3±0.2**†† | 1.3±0.3**‡‡ | 1.3±0.3***§§§ | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), mmol/L | 3.3±1.2 | 2.5±1.1*** | 3.1±1.1††† | 3.0±0.9‡‡‡ | 3.0±0.7§§ | 0.995 |
| Creatine, µmol/L | 71.9±20.7 | 76.0±25.8* | 75.1±21.8 | 73.1±20.6 | 75.8±19.9 | 0.300 |
| hs C reactive protein (CRP), mg/L | 4.9±4.6 | 3.3±3.2* | 5.4±7.1 | 3.0±2.2** | 2.8±2.5** | 0.060 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 4.2±4.5 | 2.9±2.8 | 2.6±3.0** | 2.3±2.1** | 1.9±1.1**§ | <0.001 |
| NTproBNP, pg/mL | 27.3±73.5 | 40.0±61.0 | 41.2±57.8 | 25.2±51.8 | 24.8±36.4 | 0.420 |
| VEGF, pg/mL | 247.7±316.8 | 235.7±298.6 | 179.7±99.2 | 173.5±245.5 | 197.5±258.5 | 0.217 |
| TNF, pg/mL | 11.4±9.3 | 9.3±4.4 | 5.1±3.1**††† | 5.7±2.4**‡‡‡ | 5.9±3.0*§§§ | <0.001 |
| Six minutes' walk test, m | 561.7±74.1 | 612.1±64.1*** | 638.3±79.4***†† | 644.8±75.9***‡‡ | 638.8±60.2***§ | <0.001 |
| Strength max, kg | 399.3±210.1 | 464.0±242.5** | 584.6±310.1***†† | 597.9±300.8***‡‡ | 592.8±320.2** | <0.001 |
| Routine medications: | ||||||
| Total cost/year, € | 1352.6±1764.8 | 1325.9±1775.9** | 1305.3±1785.9** | 1307.7±1762.9 | 1239.5±1660.3 | 0.135 |
| Routine pills, number | 7.6±3.1 | 6.9±3.4*** | 6.6±3.5***† | 6.5±3.4*** | 6.2±3.2*** | <0.001 |
| Cost in euros/year of medications treating for: | ||||||
| Diabetes | 212.6±35.8 | 188.8±36.2* | 196.0±52.9 | 143.1±43.7* | 135.1±43.9* | 0.014 |
| Blood pressure | 270.4±37.7 | 263.1±37.4 | 242.7±39.7 | 205.2±37.2*† | 215.0±41.1 | 0.004 |
| Lipid-lowering | 146.4±36.0 | 146.4±36.0 | 130.8±36.4 | 145.6±38.0 | 122.7±37.0 | 0.063 |
| Other | 677.3±282.3 | 677.3±282.3 | 671.5±282.7 | 685.4±282.5 | 613.8±270.6 | 0.069 |
Significant p Values are written in bold. Variables written in italic did not follow a Gaussian distribution.
***: p<0.001 versus D0; **: p<0.01 versus D0; *: p<0.05 versus D0.
†††: p<0.001 versus D20; ††: p<0.01 versus D20; †: p<0.05 versus D20 (D0 excluded).
‡‡‡: p<0.001 versus M3; ‡‡: p<0.01 versus M3; ‡: p<0.05 versus M3 (D0 and D20 excluded).
§§§: p<0.001 versus M6; §§: p<0.01 versus M6; §: p<0.05 versus M6 (D0, D20 and M3 excluded).
IL-6, interleukin 6; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; (TNF)-α, tumor necrosis Factor -α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.