Distribution of prescribed antibiotics according to class in four selected diagnoses groups at one teaching and one mon-teaching hospital in Ujjain, India
| Cardiovascular with no registered bacterial infection Subgroup 1 | Cardiovascular with suspected bacterial infection Subgroup 2 | Malaria or viral fever with no registered bacterial infection Subgroup 3 | Malaria or viral fever with suspected bacterial infection Subgroup 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TH | NTH | p Value | TH | NTH | p Value | TH | NTH | p Value | TH | NTH | p Value | |
| Name of AB; ATC code | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Total prescriptions | 2741 | 3366 | 2388 | 855 | 3210 | 3451 | 316 | 128 | ||||
| Tetracyclines; J01A; J01AA | 284 (10) | 5 (0) | <0.001 | 243 (10) | 0 (0) | 553 (17) | 75 (2) | <0.001 | 83 (26) | 0 (0) | ||
| β-Lactam ABs, penicillin; J01C | 456 (17) | 498 (15) | 0.041 | 622 (26) | 184 (22) | 0.009 | 111 (3) | 245 (7) | <0.001 | 12 (4) | 7 (5) | 0.431 |
| Extended-spectrum penicillins; J01CA | 83 (3) | 99 (3) | 0.843 | 122 (5) | 99 (12) | <0.001 | 19 (1) | 51 (1) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | |
| Combination of penicillin including β-lactamase AB; J01CR | 373 (14) | 399 (12) | 0.040 | 500 (21) | 85 (10) | <0.001 | 92 (3) | 194 (6) | <0.001 | 12 (4) | 5 (4) | 1.0† |
| Other β-lactams; J01D | 496 (18) | 1391 (41) | <0.001 | 353 (15) | 304 (36) | <0.001 | 665 (21) | 1792 (52) | <0.001 | 40 (13) | 39 (30) | <0.001 |
| 1st-generation cephalosporins; J01DB | 7 (0) | 16 (1) | 0.163 | 0 (0) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 9 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| 2nd-generation cephalosporins; J01DC | 0 (0) | 98 (3) | 0 (0) | 27 (3) | 0 (0) | 168 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| 3rd-generation cephalosporins; J01DD | 481 (18) | 1254 (37) | <0.001 | 353 (15) | 272 (32) | <0.001 | 665 (21) | 1606 (47) | <0.001 | 40 (13) | 39 (30) | <0.001 |
| 4th-generation cephalosporins; J01DH | 8 (0) | 23 (1) | 0.032 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Sulfonamide with timethoprim; J01E: J01EE | 8 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (1) | 0 (0) | 8 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Macrolides, lincosamides; J01F | 16 (1) | 2 (0) | <0.001 | 4 (0) | 6 (1) | 0.025 | 15 (0) | 7 (0) | 0.060 | 3 (1) | 4 (3) | 0.110† |
| Macrolides; J01FA | 12 (0) | 2 | 0.002 | 4 (0) | 6 (1) | 15 (0) | 7 (0) | 3 (1) | 4 (3) | |||
| Lincosamides; J01FF | 4 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Aminoglycoside; J01G: J01GB | 78 (3) | 73 (2) | 0.090 | 149 (6) | 46 (5) | 0.364 | 17 (1) | 60 (2) | <0.001 | 11 (3) | 9 (7) | 0.102 |
| Quinolones; J01M: J01MA | 1031 (38) | 301 (9) | <0.001 | 731 (31) | 112 (13) | <0.001 | 1526 (48) | 464 (13) | <0.001 | 126 (40) | 37 (29) | 0.030 |
| Fixed-dose combination of ABs; J01R: J01RA* | 12 (0) | 929 (28) | <0.001 | 31 (1) | 170 (20) | <0.001 | 34 (1) | 669 (19) | <0.001 | 6 (2) | 17 (13) | <0.01 |
| Other ABs; J01X | 167 (6) | 176 (5) | 0.145 | 132 (6) | 30 (4) | 0.020 | 149 (5) | 138 (4) | 0.197 | 20 (6) | 15 (12) | 0.056 |
| Glycopetide ABs; J01XA | 15 (1) | 176 (5) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Imidazole derivatives; J01XD | 152 (6) | 0 (0) | 132 (6) | 30 (4) | 0.020 | 149 (5) | 137 (4) | 0.176 | 20 (6) | 15 (12) | 0.056 | |
| Other ABs; J01XX | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Drugs for treatment of tuberculosis; J04A | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 24 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Antibiotics; J04AB (treatment for tuberculosis) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Hydrazides; J04AC | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Other drugs for treatment of tuberculosis; J04AK | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Nitroimidazole derivatives; P01AB (oral metronidazole) | 201 (7) | 0 (0) | 81 (3) | 3 (0) | <0.001 | 132 (4) | 1 (0) | <0.001 | 15 (5) | 0 (0) | ||
Significant p values shown in bold.
Pearson χ2 and
†Fisher’s exact test was used to compare antibiotic prescribing details.
AB, antibiotics; ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (classification); J01RA*, ATC code as assigned by Sharma et al.17 n (%), number of prescriptions (percentage in antibiotic class); NTH, non-teaching hospital; TH, teaching hospital.