Outcome | Patient directed | Provider directed | Patient and provider directed | Overall effect estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CVD morbidity | Effect estimate | − | − | − | − |
I2 (%) | − | − | − | − | |
Quality (GRADE) | − | − | − | − | |
Mortality (CVD-related or all-cause) | Effect estimate | − | − | − | − |
I2 (%) | − | − | − | − | |
Quality (GRADE) | − | − | − | − | |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Effect estimate (MD) (95% CI) | −4.88 (−8.57 to −1.19) | −1.14 (−2.09 to −0.19) | −2.77 (−5.91 to 0.37) | −2.22 (−3.49 to −0.95) |
I2 (%) | 0 | 46 | 76 | 66 | |
Quality (GRADE) | very low (●○○○) | low (●●○○) | very low (●○○○) | very low (●○○○) | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | Effect estimate (MD) (95% CI) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | −0.26 (−0.38 to −0.15) | −0.11 (−0.20 to −0.02) |
I2 (%) | 0 | single study | 0 | 72 | |
Quality (GRADE) | very low (●○○○) | very low (●○○○) | very low (●○○○) | very low (●○○○) | |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | Effect estimate (MD) (95% CI) | −0.15 (−0.27 to −0.03) | − | −0.23 (−0.47 to 0.01) | −0.15 (−0.26 to −0.05) |
I2 (%) | 58 | − | single study | 47 | |
Quality (GRADE) | very low (●○○○) | − | very low (●○○○) | very low (●○○○) | |
Smoking cessation (risk of quitting) | Effect estimate (RR) (95% CI) | 1.53 (1.07 to 2.19) | 1.90 (0.43 to 8.29) | 0.30 (0.01 to 7.07) | 1.62 (1.08 to 2.43) |
I2 (%) | 0 | 57 | single study | 17 | |
Quality (GRADE) | low (●●○○) | very low (●○○○) | moderate (●●●○) | low (●●○○) |
Subgroup analyses were performed by interventions targeting the patient, the provider or both.
LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MD, mean difference, the difference of the mean differences from baseline to follow-up of the intervention arm compared with the control arm; RR, risk ratio.