Small for gestational age (SGA) | Preterm birth | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk ratio (95% CI) | Risk ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
No. of live births | No. of SGA | Crude | Adjusted* | No. of preterm | Crude | Adjusted* | |
Depressive symptoms | |||||||
Normal | 514 | 51 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 56 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Depression | 60 | 11 | 1.71 (0.84 to 3.47) | 1.52 (0.70 to 3.29) | 6 | 0.58 (0.24 to 1.38) | 0.46 (0.18 to 1.15) |
Intimate partner violence | |||||||
No violence | 456 | 52 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 70 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Physical | 84 | 9 | 0.90 (0.43 to 1.89) | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.89) | 15 | 1.18 (0.64 to 2.17) | 1.17 (0.62 to 2.20) |
Sexual | 13 | 2 | 1.36 (0.29 to 6.25) | 1.57 (0.31 to 7.85) | 0 | –† | –† |
Psychological | 84 | 10 | 1.05 (0.51 to 2.15) | 1.04 (0.49 to 2.21) | 12 | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.75) | 0.95 (0.48 to 1.89) |
Any violence | 115 | 16 | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.29) | 1.20 (0.63 to 2.27) | 15 | 0.88 (0.48 to 1.62) | 0.89 (0.47 to 1.66) |
Non-specific psychological distress | |||||||
Well | 552 | 65 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 83 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Mild distress | 26 | 2 | 0.57 (0.13 to 2.45) | 0.69 (0.15 to 3.15) | 2 | 0.45 (0.10 to 1.92) | 0.44 (0.10 to 1.96) |
Moderate distress | 9 | 1 | 0.88 (0.11 to 7.19) | 0.46 (0.05 to 4.02) | 3 | 2.39 (0.61 to 9.43) | 1.35 (0.30 to 6.01) |
Severe distress | 11 | 0 | –† | –† | 0 | –† | –† |
Alcohol use | |||||||
Low | 441 | 41 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 66 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Hazardous | 158 | 27 | 2.06 (1.21 to 3.48) | 2.00 (1.13 to 3.54) | 22 | 0.93 (0.55 to 1.56) | 0.89 (0.51 to 1.53) |
*Adjusted for maternal age, socio-economic status, BMI, hemoglobin level, parity, cd4 count at enrolment, and viral load at enrolment.
†Model does not converge, few or no outcome in the exposure category.