HR of developing cancer in relation to baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Crude HR (95% CI) | p Value | AHR* (95% CI) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | ||||
| COPD | 2.9 (2.7 to 3.2) | <0.01 | 2.8 (2.6 to 3.1) | <0.01 |
| Non-COPD | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | <0.01 | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | <0.01 |
| Female | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 40–49 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| 50–59 | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) | <0.01 | 1.7 (1.5 to 1.9) | <0.01 |
| 60–69 | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.8) | <0.01 | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.8) | <0.01 |
| >70 | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8) | <0.01 | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.9) | <0.01 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.5) | <0.01 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.31 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.4) | <0.01 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | 0.84 |
| Liver disease | 4.1 (3.1 to 5.3) | <0.01 | 2.3 (1.8 to 3.1) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.4) | <0.01 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | <0.01 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 2.4 (1.6 to 3.9) | <0.01 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) | 0.69 |
*AHR is based on Cox proportional hazard regression model with adjustment for age, sex and comorbidities.
AHR, adjusted HR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.