Criteria list for assessment of study quality, adapted from Lievense et al23
| Item | Criterion | C/CC/CS |
|---|---|---|
| Study population | ||
| 1 | Uniform point (selection before disease was present) | C/CC/CS |
| 2 | Cases and controls drawn from the same population | CC |
| 3 | Participation rate >80% for cases/cohort | C/CC/CS |
| 4 | Participation rate>80% for controls | CC |
| Assessment of risk factor | ||
| 5 | Exposure assessment blinded | C/CC/CS |
| 6 | Exposure measured identically for cases and controls | CC |
| 7 | Exposure assessed prior to the outcome | C/CC/CS |
| Assessment of outcome | ||
| 8 | Bone health assessed identically in patients with bipolar spectrum disorder. | C/CC/CS |
| 9 | Presence of osteoporosis assessed reproducibly | C/CC/CS |
| 10 | Osteoporosis identification assessed according to BMD measurements | C/CC/CS |
| Study design | ||
| 11 | Prospective design used | C/CC |
| 12 | Follow-up time >24 months | C |
| 13 | Withdrawals <20% | C |
| Analysis and data presentation | ||
| 14 | Appropriate analysis techniques used | C/CC/CS |
| 15 | Adjusted for at least age and sex | C/CC/CS |
BMD, bone mineral density; C, applicable to cohort studies; CC, applicable to case–control studies; CS, applicable to cross-sectional.