Table 2

Associations between violence exposure and witnessing violence between parents, female students

Characteristic	Female (n=1423) Witnessed shouting vs witnessed no parental IPV		p Value	Female (n=1268) Witnessed physical IPV vs witnessed no parental IPV		p Value	Female (n=1364) Witnessed shouting and physical IPV vs witnessed no parental IPV		p Value
Characteristic	aOR	95% CI	p Value	aOR	95% CI	p Value	aOR	95% CI	p Value
Parental violence
Emotional only	1.88	1.06 to 3.33	0.031	1.15	0.27 to 4.85	0.844	1.93	0.91 to 4.10	0.084
Physical only	1.51	1.05 to 2.18	0.028	1.04	0.45 to 2.41	0.930	1.74	1.09 to 2.77	0.021
Emotional and physical	3.90	1.95 to 7.81	<0.001	3.79	1.66 to 8.64	0.002	3.90	1.84 to 8.30	0.001
Non-parental violence
Emotional	2.65	1.84 to 3.81	<0.001	1.28	0.75 to 2.21	0.356	2.02	1.37 to 2.98	0.001
Physical*	2.33	1.83 to 2.96	<0.001	1.68	1.00 to 2.81	0.049	2.54	1.82 to 3.54	<0.001
Sexual	2.36	1.49 to 3.76	0.001	3.19	0.67 to 15.14	0.139	2.98	1.81 to 4.89	<0.001

aOR is adjusted OR, adjusted for age (years), eaten at least three meals in the past day versus less, share sleeping area with or more children, versus less, share sleeping area with one or more adults versus less, have a disability versus not, worked 1–2 hours or 2 or more hours per day versus <1 hour.
*Any physical violence from non-parents but severe physical violence from school staff.
IPV, intimate partner violence.